SB2C Helldiver - Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

SB2C Helldiver - Specifications: General Length: 36 ft. 9 in. Wingspan: 49 ft. 9 in. Height: 14 ft. 9 in. Wing Area: 422 sq. ft. Empty Weight: 10,114 lbs. Loaded Weight: 13,674 lbs. Crew: 2 Number Built: 7,140 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Wright R-2600 radial engine, 1,900 hp Range: 1,200 miles Max Speed: 294 mph Ceiling: 25,000 ft Armament Guns: 2 Ãâ€" 20 mm (.79 in) cannon in the wings, 2 Ãâ€" 0.30 in M1919 Browning machine guns in rear cockpit Bombs/Torpedo: Internal bay - 2,000 lbs. of bombs or 1 Mark 13 torpedo, Underwing Hard Points - 2 x 500 lb. bombs SB2C Helldiver - Design Development: In 1938, the US Navys Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) circulated a request for proposals for a for a next-generation dive bomber to replace the new SBD Dauntless. Though the SBD had yet to enter service, BuAer sought an aircraft with greater speed, range, and payload. In addition, it was to be powered by the new Wright R-2600 Cyclone engine, possess an internal bomb bay, and be of a size that two of the aircraft could fit on a carriers elevator. While six companies submitted entries, BuAer selected Curtiss design as the winner in May 1939. Designated the SB2C Helldiver, the design immediately began showing problems. Early wind tunnel testing in February 1940 found the SB2C to have an excessive stall speed and poor longitudinal stability. While efforts to fix the stall speed included increasing the size of the wings, the latter issue presented greater problems and was a result of BuAers request that two aircraft be able to fit on an elevator. This limited the length of the aircraft despite the fact it was to have more power and a greater internal volume than its predecessor. The result of these increases, without an increase in length, was instability. As the aircraft could not be lengthened, the only solution was to enlarge its vertical tail, which was done twice during development. One prototype was constructed and first flew on December 18, 1940. Built in a conventional fashion, the aircraft possessed a semi-monocoque fuselage and two-spar, four-section wings. The initial armament consisted of two .50 cal. machine guns mounted in the cowling as well as one in each wing. This was supplemented by twin .30 cal. machine guns on a flexible mounting for the radio operator. The internal bomb bay could carry a single 1,000 lb. bomb, two 500 lb. bombs, or a torpedo. SB2C Helldiver - Problems Persist: Following the initial flight, problems remained with the design as bugs were found in the Cyclone engines and the SB2C showed instability at high speed. After a crash in February, flight testing continued through the fall until December 21 when the right wing and stabilizer gave out during a dive test. The crash effectively grounded the type for six months as the problems were addressed and the first production aircraft built. When the first SB2C-1 flew on June 30, 1942, it incorporated a variety of changes which increased its weight by nearly 3,000 lbs. and reduced its speed by 40 mph. SB2C Helldiver - Production Nightmares: Though unhappy with this drop in performance, BuAer was too committed to the program to pull out and was forced to push ahead. This was partly due to an earlier insistence that the aircraft be mass-produced to anticipate wartime needs. As a result, Curtiss had received orders for 4,000 aircraft before the first production type flew. With the first production aircraft emerging from their Columbus, OH plant, Curtiss found a series of problems with the SB2C. These generated so many fixes that a second assembly line was built to immediately modify newly built aircraft to the latest standard. Moving through three modification schemes, Curtiss was not able to incorporate all of the changes into the main assembly line until 600 SB2Cs were built. In addition to the fixes, other alterations to the SB2C series included the removal of the .50 machine guns in the wings (the cowl guns had been removed earlier) and replacing them with 20mm cannon. Production of the -1 series ended in spring 1944 with the switch to the -3. The Helldiver was built in variants through -5 with key changes being the use of a more powerful engine, four-bladed propeller, and the addition of wing racks for eight 5 in. rockets. SB2C Helldiver - Operational History: The reputation of the SB2C was well known before the type began arriving in late 1943. As a result, many front-line units actively resisted giving up their SBDs for the new aircraft. Due to its reputation and appearance, the Helldiver quickly earned the nicknames Son of a Bitch 2nd Class, Big-Tailed Beast, and just Beast. Among the issues put forward by crews in regard to the SB2C-1 was that it was underpowered, poorly built, possessed a faulty electrical system, and required extensive maintenance. First deployed with VB-17 aboard USS Bunker Hill, the type entered combat on November 11, 1943 during raids on Rabaul. It was not until spring 1944 that the Helldiver began to arrive in larger numbers. Seeing combat during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the type had a mixed showing as many were forced to ditch during the long return flight after dark. Despite this loss of aircraft, it sped the arrival of improved SB2C-3s. Becoming the US Navys principal dive bomber, the SB2C saw action during the remainder of the conflicts battles in the Pacific including Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Helldivers also took part in attacks on the Japanese mainland. As later variants of the aircraft improved, many pilots came to have a grudging respect for the SB2C citing its ability to sustain heavy damage and remain aloft, its large payload, and longer range. Despite its early problems, the SB2C proved an effective combat aircraft and may have been the best dive bomber flown by the US Navy. The type was also the last designed for the US Navy as actions late in the war increasingly showed that fighters equipped with bombs and rockets were as effective as dedicated dive bombers and did not require air superiority. In the years after World War II, the Helldiver was retained as the US Navys prime attack aircraft and inherited the torpedo bombing role previously filled by the Grumman TBF Avenger. The type continued to fly until it was finally replaced by the Douglas A-1 Skyraider in 1949. SB2C Helldiver - Other Users: Watching the success of the German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka during the early days of World War II, the US Army Air Corps began looking for a dive bomber. Rather than seek a new design, the USAAC turned to existing types then in use with the US Navy. Ordering a quantity of SBDs under the designation A-24 Banshee, they also made plans to purchase a large number of modified SB2C-1s under the name A-25 Shrike. Between late 1942 and early 1944 900 Shrikes were built. Having re-assessed their needs based on combat in Europe, the US Army Air Forces found these aircraft were not needed and turned many back to the US Marine Corps while some were retained for secondary roles. The Helldiver was also flown by the Royal Navy, France, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Australia, and Thailand. French and Thai SB2Cs saw action against the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War while Greek Helldivers were used to attack Communist insurgents in the late 1940s. The last nation to use the aircraft was Italy which retired their Helldivers in 1959. Selected Sources Ace Pilot: SB2C HelldiverMilitary Factory: SB2C Helldiver Warbird Alley: SB2C Helldiver

Women Of The 1920 S 1939 - 1305 Words

Women of the 1920’s-1939 The 1920’s was an era of dramatic political and cultural change, where many Americans lived in cities rather than farms. Many inventors came to be noticed as new cars were invented and as music entered the entertainment industry. A new style of music was invented mainly in the African American community, creating the Harlem Renaissance; which was an evolution of music and entertainment in Harlem, New York City. The women of America began to evolve in the 1920s, adding new styles to our fashion industry and changing the way women dress, act, and are portrayed in society for generations. Women were viewed before the 1920’s as innocent housewives, that made little to no money, as they often relied on their husbands’ for income. Women also had little to no rights, such as voting rights, which many women began to protest. Women of the 1920’s through the 1930’s influenced and impacted society by transforming their looks from innocent housewives to a sexually liberated generation of women, increasing the working rate to twenty-five percent by working in factories and the telemarketing business, and participating in the Women’s Suffrage Movement in which they protested for their rights which then influenced the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. The women of the 1920’s were first introduced to society as a generation that spent most of their time cleaning, cooking, and nurturing their children. However, as the â€Å"Roaring 20s† came to impact theShow MoreRelatedAn Examination of the Modernization in the American Society in Marianne Wiggins ´ Evidence of Things Unseen1198 Words   |  5 PagesThis and combined with the prosperity during the 1920s allowed science and technology to develop at a rapid pace which also had brought some downsides with them. 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E.L. Doctorow free essay sample

# 8217 ; s The Waterworks Essay, Research Paper CITY OF THE LIVING DEAD E.L. Doctorow # 8217 ; s The Waterworks mixes a eccentric horror narrative with the sights and sounds of 19th-century Manhattan BY PAUL GRAY A beautiful widow left destitute by the will of her plutocrat hubby. The furtive disinterment of a cadaver while fog whirls in the phosphorescent visible radiation of early morning. A hoarded wealth thorax crammed with hard currency. Innocent kids falling victim to a huffy scientist in chase of the secret of ageless life. A brilliant, tormented immature hero who says things like, # 8220 ; Either I am huffy and should be committed, or the coevalss of Pembertons are doomed. # 8221 ; Now for something genuinely eldritch. These Gothic, melodramatic flourishes appear non in the first chapter of the latest Stephen King novel but instead in E.L. Doctorow # 8217 ; s The Waterworks ( Random House ; 253 pages ; $ 23 ) . This is non wholly unexpected. The writer of such aglow page Turners as Ragtime, World # 8217 ; s Fair and Billy Bathgate has made it a wont to surprise his readers with each new book. We will write a custom essay sample on E.L. Doctorow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His cardinal concerns # 8211 ; the ineluctable sway of historical forces, the insidious effects of the powerful upon the powerless # 8211 ; have remained changeless, but he has chosen a assortment of fictional voices and techniques to convey them to life. Even longtime readers, though, are likely to happen The Waterworks Doctorow # 8217 ; s strangest and most debatable innovation so far. The scene is New York City in 1871, although the narrative of what happened there and so is told at an indeterminate subsequently day of the month by a adult male named McIlvaine, who notes, at one point in his narration, # 8220 ; I have to warn you, in all equity, I # 8217 ; m describing what are now the visions of an old man. # 8221 ; A figure of similar cautions are interspersed throughout the narrative, and taken together they add another degree of enigma to the point he makes over and over once more: he has been a informant to horror and lived to state the narrative. Which, possibly, begins as follows. As the metropolis editor of the New York Telegram in April 1871, McIlvaine employs a figure of freelance authors, including his most gifted, Martin Pemberton, the disinherited boy of of the late Augustus Pemberton, a millionaire whose decease and funeral had made the documents the old September. None of the column remarks or public eulogiums mentioned the true beginnings of the old adult male # 8217 ; s luck, although McIlvaine the correspondent knows what they were: Pemberton had run illegal slave ships out of New York seaport, with the collusion of Boss Tweed # 8217 ; s ring, and had besides productively supplied Union military personnels during the Civil War with substandard goods # 8211 ; â€Å"boots that fell apart, covers that dissolved in rain, collapsible shelters that torus at the cringles, and unvarying fabric that bled dye.† Now, Martin Pemberton tells McIlvaine and several others, he has seen his male parent alive, on the streets of Manhattan. The editor at first assumes that the disillusioned immature adult male is talking in metaphor, that he means his male parent # 8217 ; s evil lives on in the predatory metropolis all around them. After Martin drops out of sight, McIlvaine begins to look into and comes to believe the vision could hold been true, that a white Municipal Transport stagecoach might really hold carried old Pemberton and other presumed-deceased rich work forces through the teeming, unmindful streets of Manhattan. McIlvaine imagines Martin # 8217 ; s feeling of the riders: # 8220 ; Their caputs nodded in unison as the vehicle stopped and started and stopped once more in the wedged traffic. # 8221 ; To happen out whether and why the metropolis he loves and thinks he knows includes the life dead, McIlvaine seeks the aid of Edmund Donne, a rare honest captain in the municipal constabulary, which has become, under Tweed, # 8220 ; an organisation of licensed thieves. # 8221 ; The trail these two follow # 8211 ; with powerful forces cabaling against them # 8211 ; leads sinuously through roll uping indignations: unexplained slayings, a cryptic orphanhood, losing 1000000s in heritages and a waterworks North of the metropolis where really unusual things are traveling on. This pursuit is intriguing, although wildly implausible, but McIlvaine makes the worst of a good thing by take a firm standing that what he reports has deductions far beyond its specifics: # 8220 ; I would non hold extended myself now, at my advanced age, if this were merely the uneven newspaper narrative I had for you # 8230 ; of deviant household behaviour. I ask you to believe # 8211 ; I will turn out # 8211 ; that my free-lance, eventually, was merely a newsman conveying the intelligence, like the courier in Elizabethan dramas # 8230 ; # 8221 ; His narrative, the storyteller says several times, is # 8220 ; far more than # 8221 ; the enigma of the Pemberton household. This claim is asserted but neer convincingly shown. The shocking, Poe-like narrative at the centre of the novel does non accomplish the symbolic significance that Doctorow wishes it to hold. It is merely excessively eccentric to stand for # 8211 ; or notice on # 8211 ; anything outside itself, peculiarly the full City of New York and what McIlvaine calls its # 8220 ; churning psyche, writhing and turning over on itself, organizing and re-forming # 8230 ; # 8221 ; The Waterworks is at its best when Doctorow stops McIlvaine # 8217 ; s puffing and whiffing about societal significance and lets him acquire on with the concern of stating an entertaining and sometimes genuinely persistent narrative. 342

Enterprise Architecture for Strategy and Business Alignment

Question: Discuss about theEnterprise Architecture for Strategy and Business Alignment. Answer: Introduction There are a variety of Information Systems (IS) that are used and implemented in a business organization. These systems need to be adequately configured, integrated, and implemented to achieve the best results out of the same. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a concept that allows the enterprises to strategically plan and align the information systems and applications with the business objectives. The main objective of EA is to present the guidelines that can be implemented by an enterprise so that it may achieve the business goals and objectives. It leads to quick decision making processes and also streamlines all of the business operations (Rajabi, Minaei Seyyedi, 2013). Enterprise Architects are the resources that are responsible for implementing and managing EA and these resources shall have communication with the fellow operators and team members. Problem Statement The problem with the information systems in an organization is the integration of varied systems and applications with each other along with the issues of data and information management. There are numerous security risks and attacks that emerge because of the loosely integrated systems that are not configured properly. Also, the organizations fail to analyze the information systems that are required by them and implement the ones that are not relevant. It leads to increase in costs and budget of the organization (Bergvall-Kareborn Howcroft, 2014). Enterprise Architecture is a concept that addresses all of such issues that are associated with the information systems installed in an organization. Policies Processes Enterprise Architecture amalgamates the description of the best applications, strategies, technologies, and procedures that an organization shall implement along with the integration mechanism between these elements. The current organization has defined a modeling language as a standard for all the units of the organization so that coherent architecture is put in place. There are specific complexities that are associated with each of the information system and application that is installed in an enterprise. The modeling language and foundations assist in the resolution of such issues. EA models ensure that the integration between the components is adequately done and the relationship is also covered well. The architectural practices and processes are highlighted as an outcome (Kappelman Zachman, 2013). Communication between the information systems installed in an organization is a significant need to achieve the benefits. Also, it is required that the internal and external stakeholders along with all of the resources engaged with an enterprise maintain enhanced communication levels with each other. The organization has implemented communication strategies and methods as a part of EA to strengthen the communication between the resources and stakeholders. There are architectural models that have been implemented to manage the current activities and assess the future events for detailed analysis. There are as-is and to-be scenarios developed for this purpose (Lankhorst et al., 2005). Stakeholders are the entities that are associated with a business organization implicitly or explicitly. The primary goal of an EA is to ensure that the needs of all the stakeholders are met and the engagement and satisfaction levels are enhanced. The information systems that are implemented in an enterprise are done with an objective to fulfill the customer and stakeholder needs (Iyamu, 2017). The Enterprise Architects and the stakeholders connect with each other to determine the scope of each of these systems. The absence of the same will lead to poorly defined scope and deteriorated satisfaction levels of the customers as well as stakeholders. The organization has defined a number of different viewpoints so that the social relationship between the stakeholders and the architects is defined adequately (Rozanski Woods, 2007). Functional Viewpoints: The functional requirements and aspects of all the information systems that need to be present in an EA are targeted and are mapped with specific stakeholders and architects. Information Viewpoint: Each of the information system that is configured for an enterprise comprises of the data and information sets of varied structures and types. There are specific methods and procedures that are implemented to handle such varied sets and are covered in this viewpoint. Concurrency Viewpoint: The concurrently occurring processes and methods are targeted under this viewpoint. Development Viewpoint: The development of one information system is different from the other and it depends largely upon the development methodology that is used. The viewpoint includes the varied developmental methods and tasks that are carried out for the information systems that are present in an EA. Deployment Viewpoint: The environment which will be used for the deployment of the IS and EA are included in this category. Operational Viewpoint: There are a variety of operational tasks and activities that are associated with each of the information systems and the same are targeted upon in this viewpoint. The viewpoints that have been listed are then mapped with the architectural perspectives and the association and relationships are drawn out as a result. The assessment of the requirements and needs of the stakeholders and the end-users is done with the definition of the functional specifications, scalability needs, system capabilities and qualities. The demands of the stakeholders and the users may vary constant and it is therefore necessary to ensure that the system flexibility and scalability is always maintained. There may also be other issues that may be involved in the modification of the system aspects (Kotusev, 2017). For instance, the increased development time associated with the information systems may lead to the change in the system scope along with the modifications in the architectural design and principles. The demand of each of the information system also varies in terms of the architecture, environment, technical requirements etc. For example, one of the information systems may perform better in isolation while there may be other system that may require enhanced level of integration. EA ensures that the adequate functional structure and design is prepared and implemented for each of the systems and the viewpoints of each are also defined clearly (Pirta Grabis, 2015). Adequate management is one of the necessary activities that play a significant role in the information systems as well in the Enterprise Architecture. There has been a lot of research that has been carried out in the management aspect of IS and EA. However, a common understanding has not been achieved yet. There are practically oriented research methodologies that have been defined to integrate the management tasks with the architectural, technical, and functional aspects of the systems. The development of such a theory is not sufficient. It is necessary to implement the same as per the feasibility of the system and the organization as whole (Simon et al., 2013). As a result, there are only handfuls of methods that can be actually implemented to achieve the desired results. The issue of inadequate planning is very popular among the enterprises as the management does not pay much attention to this particular aspect. However, planning is a necessary activity that shall be carried out a s a mandatory step (Masuda, Shirasaka, Yamamoto Hardjono, 2018). Security is another aspect that has been carefully and adequately planned and implemented in the EA. There are several risks and attacks to security that have been observed in association with the IS. This is because there are a number of access points that are present in these information systems. The access points are utilized by the attackers to give shape to the attacks that adversely implicate the properties of the information and data sets. The organization ensured that such security vulnerabilities and loopholes were avoided by closely syncing the systems and their components with each other (Chesla, 2004). The EA includes advanced security components and modules at every layer. There are mechanisms, such as access control, authentication, encryption, intrusions detection, and prevention that are used to prevent and avoid such security issues (Alshammari, 2017). Comparison between IS EA There are various differences between the information system its architecture and the enterprise architecture. Point of Difference IS its Architecture EA Scope Specific requirement sets are addressed Continuously changing and ambiguous requirements are addressed Product The system as a whole is developed as a product There are multiple modules and components developed along with numerous methods and procedures Stakeholders System Owner is the sole stakeholder There are numerous stakeholders involved Lifecycle It ends when the system is developed and is delivered The lifecycle continues in a loop and is for continuous improvement Governance Limited governance Enhanced level of governance Findings There are a number of different viewpoints and aspects that are associated with Information Systems, associated strategies, and Enterprise Architecture. In most of the research works and activities, the main focus is laid on the complete technical infrastructure and the modeling frameworks that are involved. As a result, the communication and relationship between the parties and the stakeholders is developed. The other works of research have focused on the stakeholders and their requirements. It has been stated that the stakeholder requirements shall be kept high on priority (Malta Sousa, 2016). Some of the research works and journals state that the planning and communication activities shall be considered as top priority while designing EA and IS. The decision-making activities are also taken accordingly. Components that Need Further Research There are certain areas that have not been completely explored by the researchers so far. The ethical aspect of the social relationships and engagement between the different stakeholders, architects, and resources is not covered. The researchers have mainly focused on the architectural models and structures, effective communication, effective planning and viewpoints are the main areas that are primarily covered. The ethical aspect is not covered well (Sasa Krisper, 2011). Enterprise Architecture has been depicted as an amalgamated unit of various modules that and combined together in one framework. The above sections also provide details on the specific architectural requirements and functioning information (Shah Kourdi, 2007). The specific needs of all the individual entities associated with the information systems and the EA shall also be addressed so that the specific objectives can be attained. The research articles, journals, and papers do not lay emphasis on the ethical professional codes that shall be complied with and reflected in the process. Consequences Impacts of EA Processes The research works that have been analyzed and references consider social relationship and communication between the stakeholders and the architects as a prime necessity. There are several advantages that are provided to the business organizations as a result of the development and implementation of strong social relationships. The specific requirements of the stakeholders will provide the basic necessities and patterns that shall be implemented. The stakeholder will achieve the needs as per their requirements without any ambiguities and confusion (Donaldson, Blackburn, Blessner Olson, 2015). As a result, the operational errors will be reduced and the amount of re-work that is usually required with the information systems and their configuration is also brought down. There are advantages that are provided to the enterprises as well. The performance of the enterprises is improved. Conclusion EA is a concept that allows the enterprises to strategically plan and align the information systems and applications with the business objectives. The main objective of EA is to present the guidelines that can be implemented by an enterprise so that it may achieve the business goals and objectives. Enterprise Architecture amalgamates the description of the best applications, strategies, technologies, and procedures that an organization shall implement along with the integration mechanism between these elements. Communication between the information systems installed in an organization is a significant need to achieve the benefits. Also, it is required that the internal and external stakeholders along with all of the resources engaged with an enterprise maintain enhanced communication levels with each other. The Enterprise Architects and the stakeholders connect with each other to determine the scope of each of these systems. Adequate management is one of the necessary activities that play a significant role in the information systems as well in the Enterprise Architecture. There are several risks and attacks to security that have been observed in association with the IS. This is because there are a number of access points that are present in these information systems. The EA includes advanced security components and modules at every layer. There are mechanisms, such as access control, authentication, encryption, intrusions detection, and prevention that are used to prevent and avoid such security issues. References Alshammari, B. (2017). Enterprise Architecture Security Assessment Framework (EASAF). Journal Of Computer Science, 13(10), 558-571. https://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2017.558.571 Bergvall-Kareborn, B., Howcroft, D. (2014). Persistent problems and practices in information systems development: a study of mobile applications development and distribution. Information Systems Journal, 24(5), 425-444. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/isj.12036 Chesla, A. (2004). Information Security: A Defensive Battle. Information Systems Security, 12(6), 24-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/1086/44022.12.6.20040101/79783.5 Donaldson, W., Blackburn, T., Blessner, P., Olson, B. (2015). An Examination of the Role of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks in Enterprise Transformation. Journal Of Enterprise Transformation, 5(3), 218-240. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19488289.2015.1056451 Iyamu, T. (2017). Understanding the Complexities of Enterprise Architecture through Structuration Theory. Journal Of Computer Information Systems, 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2017.1354341 Kappelman, L., Zachman, J. (2013). The Enterprise and its Architecture: Ontology Challenges. Journal Of Computer Information Systems, 53(4), 87-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2013.11645654 Kotusev, S. (2017). Conceptual Model of Enterprise Architecture Management. International Journal Of Cooperative Information Systems, 26(03), 1730001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843017300017 Lankhorst, M.M., Iacob, M.E., Jonkers, H. (2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling, Communication and Analysis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Malta, P., Sousa, R. (2016). Process Oriented Approaches in Enterprise Architecture for Business-IT Alignment. Procedia Computer Science, 100, 888-893. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.239 Masuda, Y., Shirasaka, S., Yamamoto, S., Hardjono, T. (2018). Architecture Board Practices in Adaptive Enterprise Architecture with Digital Platform. International Journal Of Enterprise Information Systems, 14(1), 1-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2018010101 Pirta, R., Grabis, J. (2015). Integrated Methodology for Information System Change Control Based on Enterprise Architecture Models. Information Technology And Management Science, 18(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itms-2015-0016 Rajabi, Z., Minaei, B., Seyyedi, M. (2013). Enterprise Architecture Development Based on Enterprise Ontology. Journal Of Theoretical And Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 8(2), 13-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-18762013000200007 Rozanski, N., Woods, E. (2007). Software Systems Architecture Working with Stakeholders using Viewpoints and Perspectives. Upper Saddle River: Addison-Wesley. Sasa, A., Krisper, M. (2011). Enterprise architecture patterns for business process support analysis. Journal Of Systems And Software, 84(9), 1480-1506. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.02.043 Shah, H., Kourdi, M. (2007). Frameworks for Enterprise Architecture. IT Professional, 9(5), 36-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2007.86 Simon, D., Fischbach, K., Schoder, D. (2013). An Exploration of Enterprise Architecture Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 32, 1-72.

Malala Yousafzai free essay sample

The horrific moment a Taliban gunman boarded a packed school bus and shot a teenage education activist twice at point blank range has been relived by her devastated friend. Malala Yousafzai, 14, was critically injured after being shot while travelling home from school earlier this week. The brave teenager was targeted by the Taliban after speaking out against atrocities committed under the regime. According to Malalas friend Shazia, speaking to the Christian Science Monitor, a group of militants riding on a bike stopped the bus carrying the schoolgirls. Masked men then boarded the vehicle and pointed guns at the girls, asking for Malala. A hooded Taliban militant shouted: Which one of you is Malala? Speak up, otherwise I will shoot you all. She is propagating against the soldiers of Allah, the Taliban. She must be punished. Almost as soon as he shouted this, the militant recognised the youngster and shot her at point blank range. We will write a custom essay sample on Malala Yousafzai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shooting has horrified people in Pakistan and internationally, and has been followed by an outpouring of respect for a girl who earned the enmity of the Taliban for publicising their acts and speaking about the importance of girls education. The Taliban has claimed responsibility for the shooting, saying that the girl was promoting Western thinking. Malala was shot twice at close range and is currently unconscious in hospital in a critical condition.Speaking to CBS News, a close friend of the family said doctors had given relatives a ray of hope . The woman said MRI scans showed that a bullet which had entered the skull did not cause significant damage to her brain. A number of people have been arrested by police in Pakistan in connection with the shooting. A Taliban spokesman said the top leadership of the Talibans Swat Valley chapter decided two months ago to kill Yousufzai in a carefully-planned attack after her family ignored repeated warnings.

Free Essays on Euthanasia in America

Euthanasia in the United States The frail woman lay on her bed, chatting quietly with her grandchild. They had spent the day talking about unicorns, Cinderella, and â€Å"the olden days.† As they conversed, the woman’s daughter looked on. She nodded to the doctor, and by the end of the evening the joyful spirit of old woman was gone. Euthanasia is a practice that has become more common than realized in the United States. Various states in the Union have tried to legalize euthanasia within the past few years. Those states include Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, New York, Washington, California and Oregon. North Carolina, Utah and Wyoming do not necessarily ban physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is criminalized in the remaining states (Johnson 25). Oregon is the only state that allows euthanasia under tightly controlled circumstances. (Johnson 26.) There are several bills that are circulating through U.S. courts and legislatures for and against euthanasia (Matas 14b). Even though euthanasia ha s a growing base of legal support in the United States, it is murder. Oregon has had an ongoing battle about euthanasia since 1994. Citizens in the state approved Ballot Measure 16 in the 1994 November elections that would have legalized euthanasia under limited conditions (Oregon 2). The National Right to Life Committee, sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian denominations, obtained a court injunction to delay the implementation of the measure. In the meantime, the measure was not enacted (Johnson 30). The Oregon Medical Association originally took no stand on the matter but later came out against it because of what was considered legal flaws (Oregon 4). Conservatives within the Oregon government were forced to approve the legislation due to the June 1997 second public referendum. The referendum was upheld by 61% of adults in Oregon (Oregon 5-6). A Right to Life lawyer named Annette Patterson said: â€Å"It’s... Free Essays on Euthanasia in America Free Essays on Euthanasia in America Euthanasia in the United States The frail woman lay on her bed, chatting quietly with her grandchild. They had spent the day talking about unicorns, Cinderella, and â€Å"the olden days.† As they conversed, the woman’s daughter looked on. She nodded to the doctor, and by the end of the evening the joyful spirit of old woman was gone. Euthanasia is a practice that has become more common than realized in the United States. Various states in the Union have tried to legalize euthanasia within the past few years. Those states include Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, New York, Washington, California and Oregon. North Carolina, Utah and Wyoming do not necessarily ban physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is criminalized in the remaining states (Johnson 25). Oregon is the only state that allows euthanasia under tightly controlled circumstances. (Johnson 26.) There are several bills that are circulating through U.S. courts and legislatures for and against euthanasia (Matas 14b). Even though euthanasia ha s a growing base of legal support in the United States, it is murder. Oregon has had an ongoing battle about euthanasia since 1994. Citizens in the state approved Ballot Measure 16 in the 1994 November elections that would have legalized euthanasia under limited conditions (Oregon 2). The National Right to Life Committee, sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian denominations, obtained a court injunction to delay the implementation of the measure. In the meantime, the measure was not enacted (Johnson 30). The Oregon Medical Association originally took no stand on the matter but later came out against it because of what was considered legal flaws (Oregon 4). Conservatives within the Oregon government were forced to approve the legislation due to the June 1997 second public referendum. The referendum was upheld by 61% of adults in Oregon (Oregon 5-6). A Right to Life lawyer named Annette Patterson said: â€Å"It’s...

US fiscal deficit Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US fiscal deficit - Annotated Bibliography Example "Long Term Fiscal Imbalances, Us External Liabilities and Future Living Standards". The Long-Term International Economic Position of the United States. By Bergsten, C. Fred. 1st Ed. New York: Peterson Institute, 2009. 11 - 23. Print. This chapter of the book focuses on the rising deficit of USA , decreasing savings among corporate and households and increasing external debt liabilities of USA. It explores the interrelationship among the three. It warns that exports from USA are continually decreasing with the rise of China which makes our external debt huge. This external debt coupled with fiscal deficit can cause problems for the economy in future if the saving rate does not increase. Conason, Joe. "Dick Cheney was right : Deficits dont matter and Republicans who are complaining about Barak Obamas spending are hypocrites." 2009. Web. 19 Mar 2013. . This article is about 2 major points. The first point which has been raised is that although Republicans are having been responsible for raising most of the United States debt. The second point mentioned is that national debt does not really matter provided that it is incurred to create long term growth for the country. Productive debt which kick starts the economy is much more beneficial in the long term which more than covers the short term negative effects of the debt. Concordcoalition.org. "Understanding the Federal Debt Limit | The Concord Coalition." 2013. Web. 19 Mar 2013. .

Wal-Mart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example The two newspapers, New York Times and the Washington Post published articles saying that the retailer has benefited the low income consumers so much that it definitely counter-acts the harsh labor practices. There is ample empirical evidence which shows that the workers of Wal-Mart are earning below than the average and they are paid with lower wages. Apart from the monetary rewards, even the non monetary rewards that they are not sufficient. This shows that the average wages awarded to the workers of Wal-Mart are less than what many workers get awarded at different large retail stores. The controversy continued deep persisted that how the local pay scale affects Wal-Mart and its image. Research suggest that the openings of the Wal-Mart replaces the better and well paying jobs with the jobs that pay less or below than the average level. Looking at the entry of Wal-Mart and its mission of providing cost effective goods and services, the wages of the average workers have been driven d own as a result. This trend is specifically noticed in the grocery stores industry. During the time period of between 1992 and 2000, it was noticed as soon as a Wal-Mart store would open up in a region; let’s say a county, the average wages will automatically push down between 0.5 and 0.9. If we take a look at the general view, the wages in the merchandise sector fell by 1% with the inauguration of a Wal-Mart store. These effects weren’t just noticed in the counties, but at the state level as well. The trend showed that with the opening of every 50 Wal-Mart stores opening, the average wages decreased 10 per cent. According to another research the health coverage offered to the workers decreased due to the entry... This research paper describes the Walmart, that is the largest retail store of the world today which has very successfully reached an enormous size, providing its consumers the high quality products throughout the US, without compromising on the quality. Wal-Mart has introduced the strategies which help in increasing the employment rate and also focusing on the controlling of the laid off rates. They have taken notice of the critics pointing out on the labor and low wages controversies and hence have introduced strategies to control this. Wal-Mart Stores run the largest discount department stores all around the world and listed it as the world’s third largest corporation. Although it employs more than a two million workers under its name, but the critics state continuously that Walmart tries to exploit its workers with low wages and less non monetary rewards. Any company which goes big become the eye of criticism. And Wal-Mart made sure that the workers are provided with their basic benefits. A genre discrimination lawsuit was filed against Walmart stating that the female workers were treated with discrimination especially in terms of salaries, non monetary benefits and the working conditions as well. Where there are certain criticisms related to the working conditions of the employees and how they are not treated well. However, the researcher believes that this is a part of the popularity and the market share that Wal-Mart has gotten hold of in a short period of time that such criticisms are being given.

Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example Genetically modified foods also known as biotech foods are foods that are manufactured artificially. Unlike other natural foods, genetically modified foods are produced from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Most genetically modified foods produced by genetically modified organisms are crops. The crops produced from genetically modified organisms include maize, wheat, beans, tomatoes and rice to mention but a few. GMOs are organisms that had changes in their bodies which were done by the introduction of some hormones into their bodies (Halford 2003). These changes were different from the mutational changes that are done to other organisms by genetic engineers. The commercial selling of genetic modified food products is believed to have begun in 1994. Scientists or rather genetic engineers began to produce genetically modified crops because they wanted to curb the increasing global hunger by then. The genetically modified crops undergo faster growth unlike the natural crops (Half ord 2003). Therefore, this helped to curb the menace of hunger. Genetically produced crops are also resistant to pathogens and other types of pests. This makes them to be produced in large amounts enough to cater for the rising world population. It was also found out that the natural crops lacked some nutrients such as iron and calcium. Therefore, the production of GMOs began since they produced extra nutrients which were helpful to children and pregnant mothers. However, after some years, the production of genetically modified food products faced strong opposition from world organizations.... In addition, the paper also discusses the possible solutions to the problems caused by the genetically produced food products. Opposing viewpoint There have been campaigns which encourage the supply of genetically modified products in the global market. Several organizations such as the European Union began to oppose the commercial sale of the products because the organization believed that the products were not good for human health. Several scientists were against the idea to encourage the production of genetically modified food products. However, one scientist who was popular because of his pro GMO campaigns was known as Thierry Vrain. Vrain in his campaigns gave alternative perspectives and proposed different methods of addressing the issue of genetically modified food products. To begin with, Vrain suggested that the growth of natural crops through irrigation is tiresome and hence should not be enhanced. He also suggested that the sale of genetically modified food products shoul d be enhanced globally. Vrain also supported biotechnology which encouraged the production of genetically modified food products. He proved his stand by withdrawing from a group of scientists who held meetings to campaign against the genetically modification of food products. However, according to this documented research paper, Vrain’s stand on genetically modified food products is found to be invalid. This is because the naturally grown crops such as maize, wheat, tomatoes, and beans among others were found to be very healthy and of good quality (Halford 2003). Especially among pregnant mothers and young children, they were discovered to provide certain nutrients such as iron and calcium which are not found in genetically modified

How Americans Were Seduced By Annexation Of Hawaii History Essay

How Americans Were Seduced By Annexation Of Hawaii History Essay In the title of this paper, I am making an overt reference to a recent publication of Dr. Andrew J. Bacevich, retired US Army colonel and professor of History and International Relations at Boston University. In this title, Bacevich provided a contemporary analysis of the roots of militarism in American society, and the over reliance that America places of its military capabilities when it comes to world affairs. It may seem odd at first, but Americas eponymous militarism and its current experiences in the current Global War on Terror have direct parallels with the US involvement in the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The US involvement in the forcible removal of the Kingdoms sovereignty has been described as Americas first experience with regime change.  [2]  In this paper, I will be documenting how Hawaii was in fact a sovereign nation within the family of nations; a status which changed with the US militarys intervention in the overthrow of the existing government in 1893. I will be framing this military intervention in the context of international laws and the United States own codes on war. In addition, the annexation of the strategically important Hawaii in the context of the impending Spanish American war will be discussed, as it has clear corollaries with the current US oil wars. (Just like the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Americas participation in the overthrow of Haw aiis sovereignty in 1893 brings up questions of legality regarding international law.) To begin the analysis it is useful to look at the two frames of looking at Hawaii as an entity today: Hawaii as the 50th State In researching this paper, I have gained a new understanding in the history of the Hawaiian Islands, which is very different from the standard narrative which is generally taught. In fact, what is clear is that there are now two distinct narratives that in play when it comes to conceptualizing Hawaii. The first is that Hawaii is the 50th state of the United States of America, having won statehood in 1959. It is an idyllic land of beaches, tiki bars and a haven for surfing and brown girls in hulu skirts. One of the main texts consulted in this research was the Russs The Hawaiian Revolution. This monograph was published in 1959, the year that Hawaii became a US state. This is the authors preface as it succinctly describes how America frames its conception of Hawaii: No commercial company would touch this book because popular appeal is lacking in the pages. It is simply not the kind of book which would ever become a bestseller. Upon submitting a preliminary draft, at his request, to a reader of a New York publishing house, I received the following comment: What the commercial market wants on Hawaii is romance. I cannot quite see how you can appropriately put out this book with a jacket showing a scantily clad brownish maiden and a blurb assuring the reader that he or she might get some pointers as to how sin thrives in Hawaii. And that is what the public wants.    [An interesting aside to this is that this institution has one copy of this book, which was acquired in 1977 and in the intervening 33 years, I am the forth individual to check this item from the library.] Hawaii as a sovereign nation under US occupation In contrast to this way of looking at Hawaii, is to view Hawaii as a sovereign nation which is not a part of the United States and instead has been under illegal occupation since 1893. This is certainly not the way that Hawaii is portrayed in mainstream education and media, but does make sense of and explains the growing Hawaiian sovereignty movement. It is testament to the power and hegemony of the United States that what is in reality a colonial possession is perceived to have ceded its powers voluntarily and become a US state. To understand this narrative of Hawaii is to understand neo-colonialism at work. The United States clearly had a renewed vigour of Manifest Destiny in the late 1800s. At this time there was a push westwards to the Pacific coast, in search of cheaper labor, land and raw materials. Native people impeding this were fought, through the Indian wars all the west to the western coast. At this time there was great interest in the vast market of China and the Orient. Japan was a growing imperial power. The US was gravely concerned with European colonial powers and the nascent Japanese colonial powers influence on China, as this was in large part an untapped market. Hawaii as a military outpost Today Hawaii is one of the most militarized places on earth. It has tens of thousands of troops and more than 150 military installations on the island. More than a third of the land is controlled by the US military. It had become a popular retirement location for military personnel, and real estate prices are several times the national average. It is home to The  United States Pacific Command  (USPACOM), which has responsibility for over half of the worlds surface. The idea of the American military base is a fundamentally symbol of power for the US. A recent count of US military installations across the globe places the number of foreign bases at over 700  [3]  . A US presence in Germany or the detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba are facts of the modern world. In his recent critique of the modern American empire, Chalmers Johnson, seeing these bases as a symbol of empire, draws parallels between the current spread of mid- and large-sized US military bases with those of the British Empire and the Roman Empire at the heights of their powers.  [4]  Given these parallels, it is evident why the label of empire has been applied to the American experience. This notion of empire changed the image of America from within and to the outside world, with the 1898 annexation of Hawaii was an important first step in the creation of this new empire. Fundamental to the US domination of Asia was to have a military outpost far out in the Pacific. In John Hustons WWII documentary Report from the Aleutians he shows a map that illustrates how the Aleutian Islands and the Hawaiian islands were the two strategic outposts from which the Pacific coast of the United States was protected.  [5]  In essence the strategy was to establish naval superiority by bringing the war to them, and have these outposts operating as vanguards against attack. Ernest May emphasizes the shift in Americas foreign policy when it came to the Hawaii question by comparing views expressed about Hawaii with those expressed twenty-odd years earlier about the Dominican republic: As of 1870 they had still seen the United States as an experiment: the only consequential nation without a monarch and a privileged aristocracy, and the only one that attempted to reconcile national and local interests by means of a federal system.  [6]   Central to the debates and discourse that occurred around the 1890s was the Monroe Doctrine from several decades earlier. By the 1890s The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 seemed to offer justification for actions taken involving Hawaii, Cuba, The Philippines, China and Central and South America. Ultimately, the Spanish-American war of 1898 was an important focal point that sharpened attitudes towards how America should approach her role within the wider world. To understand this, it is useful to revisit the Monroe Doctrine of over half a century earlier and to explain why it became so important at the close of the century.   The Monroe Doctrine was declared in a few paragraphs of President James Monroes seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. Monroe warned European countries not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere, stating that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.  [7]  This made clear to the rest of the world that any such colonization would amount to an act of aggression and would be responded to with force.    The Monroe Doctrine thus became the foundation of future U.S. foreign policy, and it set out to separate the New World from the Old World. Although this Doctrine met with tacit approval from Great Britain, it was not initially taken as seriously as it would be later in the century due to the image at the time of Americas week naval power. Alongside the resurgent interest in the Monroe Doctrine, there also was a movement towards a new Manifest Destiny a phrase normally ascribed to an earlier period of westward territorial expansion. American historian and philosopher John Fiske wrote an influential article in 1885, published in Harpers magazine entitled A New Manifest Destiny. Referring to the frontier against barbarism Fiskes piece which advocated Christianizing and civilizing the barbarians was rapturously received by audiences at the time, on the lecture circuit.  [8]   It is interesting to contrast Fiskes optimistic and expansionist world-view with the prevailing traditionalist American sentiment of isolationism. A prime example of this was in the US restrained response to The Chilean Controversy of 1891. In late 1891 two US sailors on shore leave from the cruiser USS Baltimore in the Chilean port of Valparaà ­so were killed by rebels (who later would form the new post revolution government.) Despite registering his indignation at the attack, President Harrison remained non-confrontational. Responding to this diplomatic incident he states in an internal memo: It has been my desire in every way to cultivate friendly and intimate relationships with all the Governments of this hemisphere. We do not covet their territory.  [9]   President McKinleys future Secretary of State John Sherman in 95 echoed these sentiments when he wrote that he hopes that our people will be content with internal growth, and avoid the complications of foreign acquisitions.  [10]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is in the context of the above tensions between the expansionist and traditionalist mindsets that Hawaii and its intertwinement with the United States came about. The background to the US involvement in Hawaii began with trade treaties cementing a relationship going back a half century based on missionaries and whaling fleets  [11]  . In return for the United States permitting Hawaiian sugar to enter the American market freely, the Hawaiian government agreed not to lease or dispose of any of its territory to any other power. It also lead to the granting to the US of a naval base at Pearl Harbor. Interestingly the Treaty explicitly acknowledged Hawaii as a sovereign state. Overall, however, the effect of this treaty was to dilute the countrys independence and make her dependent on the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point Hawaii was a sovereign independent state the Hawaiian Kingdom and was governed under a single ruler (King David KalÄ kaua.) It had international recognition and had entered into treaties and conventions with the nations of Austria, Belgium, Bremen (presently Germany), Denmark, France, Germany, Hamburg (presently Germany), Italy, Hong Kong (former colony of England), Japan, Netherlands, New South Wales (former colony of England), Portugal, Russia, Samoa, the Swiss Confederation, Sweden, Norway, Tahiti (colony of France), United Kingdom, and the United States of America.  [12]  In 1887, the King was forced to promulgate a new constitution which would drastically reduce his powers and transfer the balance of power to the American, European and Hawaiian elite on the islands. It changed the voting rights of the population and disenfranchised Asians from voting. This came to be known as the Bayonet Constitution as a result of the King being under threat of being deposed by the armed militia and politicians representing the elite what came to be known as the Reform Party. This Party favored annexation with the United States. In the end this led to the permanent cession of Pearl Harbor and its surrounds to the United States. This experience of having a naval military installation in a foreign territory or host country was to be the blueprint for the future expansion of the American Empire. This uneasy alliance continued until 1893 when Queen LiliÊ »uokalani, sister of the King ascended to the throne and went about drafting a new constitution which would restore the monarchys powers. As a reaction to this, elite mostly American residents on the island created a Committee of Safety which had for its purpose the removal of the Queen, and ultimately to cede to the United States through annexation. A provisional government was assembled and a coup dà ©tat took place aided in large part by the presence in Hawaii of a detachment of uniformed US marines who came aboard from their cruiser, the USS Boston which was in Honolulu Harbor at the time. The presence of these armed US soldiered who were there ostensible in a neutral capacity to protect US citizens in Hawaii was sufficiently intimidating for the Queen to surrender, leading to the abolition of the monarchy. What is particularly interesting about this whole episode and ensuing controversy is that it marked a period of introspection and conspicuous concern for the image that America was projecting to the world. President Harrison had favored annexation but when President Cleveland assumed office again in 1993 for his second term (the first term being directly before Harrison) he strongly opposed annexation on moral grounds. In a message to Congress dated December 18, 1893 he states that all things relating to the transaction (the treaty of annexation of Hawaii) should be clear and free from suspicion. He conceded in the same message that the Provisional Government (of Hawaii) owes its existence to an armed invasion by the United States. The tone of this message makes it clear that President Cleveland thought the annexation of the islands to be unconscionable and would impugn the American people and the image of the country internationally.  [13]  In fact President Cleveland ordered an investigation into the overthrow by former Congressman James Henderson Blount.   It was concluded by Blount in 1893 that the United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government. However, a U.S. Congressional investigation under Senator John Tyler Morgan into the overthrow, one year later cleared the US military of wrongdoing.  [14]  At this point Cleveland changed his position, recognizing the Provisional Government and the nascent Republic of Hawaii. The United States had failed to annex the Hawaiian Islands by treaty. The Hawaiian question remained, and continued to be debated. It could be said that at this point America had to position itself internationally, wrestling with ideas between its traditional moral repugnance at the idea of colonial interference and a growing notion that it should take all outlying territory necessary to (its) own defense.  [15]  That last quotation is attributed to the very influential Henry Cabot Lodge speaking to the US Senate in 1895. In this speech he forewarned of Japanese encroachment of the islands which would cause a threat to the United States.  [16]   Lorrin A. Thurston, leader of the 1893 coup, further pushed the cause for annexation by emphasizing the Japanese threat. He circulated a pamphlet  [17]  in 1897 warning of Japanese immigration to Hawaii and the threat that the huge numbers of arrivals to the islands would pose.   Eventually they would be dominant in numbers and being an energetic, ambition, warlike and progressive people would pose a serious threat. Walter LaFeber summed up the years leading up to this writing:   Ã‚   Jingoistic congressmen, expansionist-minded naval officers, and militant-minded newspaper editors frequently attempted to conjure up the specter of British, Japanese, or even Russian control of these islands.  [18]   The following year in 1898 the new President McKinley was in favor of a Treaty of Annexation, but this failed in the Senate. A congressional joint resolution was obtained this year, and on the authority of this joint resolution Hawaii was annexed, becoming a US territory officially in 1900. This was an important turning point, as effectively this was the first instance of the new American Imperialism. It is also important in that the basis for the annexation was not a treaty but rather a joint resolution (even a treaty of cession by the self-imposed government officials of the Bayonet Constitution would be suspect.) To compare this with today, the United States had as much right to annex Hawaii in 1898 as it has today to annex Iraq or Afghanistan. This is a fundamental point at the heart of the issue the overthrow was illegal under international law. But in the context of the Islands use as an outpost during the 1898 Spanish American war, that is what happened. In his doctoral dissertation on the issue, Dr. Keanu Sai writes Congress could no more annex the Hawaiian Islands in 1898 as a matter of military necessity during the Spanish American war than it could annex Afghanistan today as a matter of military necessity during the American war on terrorism.  [19]  Dr. Sai, who himself served as a US Army officer, gave an example of how Americas involvement in the Hawaiian overthrow would be perceived now. He explained how if he landed in South Korea as a US Army officer without a status of forces agreement or consent by that government, it would be an act of war.  [20]  When the US Marines came ashore in 1898 wielding Gatling guns and Howitzers to protect the insurgents, this was thus an act of war. Military occupation is currently regulated by the Hague and Geneva Conventions, and US Army Field Manual 27-10. Section 358 of this manual states: Occupation Does Not Transfer Sovereignty: Being an incident of war, military occupation confers upon the invading force the means of exercising control for the period of occupation. It does not transfer the sovereignty to the occupant, but simply the authority or power to exercise some of the rights of sovereignty. The exercise of these rights results from the established power of the occupant and from the necessity of maintaining law and order, indispensable both to the inhabitants and to the occupying force. Section 369 of the same field manual entitled Local Law and New Legislation states that the penal laws of the occupied territory shall remain in force. It is for this reason that in the current War on Terror US lieutenants can be seen to be acting in temporarily municipal capacities as Afghani town mayors etc. Clearly neither of the above regulations was observed by the US in Hawaii. The political crisis of the Spanish American war provided the motive and the opportunity to annex Hawaii. From this point onward the military buildup in Hawaii took off in earnest. To keep the war outside the continental US and to protect shipping posts, a large navy was to be created with naval outposts at Hawaii, Guam, Subic Bay and Pago Pago in Samoa. By attaining Hawaii unlawfully, the US has demonstrated that military, economic and political motives came first. Hawaii did indeed continue to prove to be the strategically valuable military outpost that it was presented as in the 1890s. At no time more so than during WWII. The war was fundamentally a global war between different colonial powers about who gets to control what. After the war ended, the United Nations was set up and charged with tackling the question of colonialism itself. The 1950s saw a wave of colonialist movements and clearly the US began to see Hawaii as being in danger of falling outside of the US sphere of influence. Statehood was voted upon in 1959 and Hawaiis ties to the US were formalized. At this time the minority of the population were Hawaiians whose sovereignty had been taken away, and the vote was passed by the very people who benefited from the illegal regime change. These people were the settlers from the US, the Asian laborers they had brought to the Islands and US military personnel stationed and living there. Clearly the interests of the native Hawaiians was placed at the forefront in this vote for statehood (a concept the UN refers to as a duty of sacred trust.) The ballot for statehood gave the whole experience the veneer of democracy. Article Six  of the United States Constitution  makes treaties made by the US a part of the supreme law of the land, the constitution. As a signatory to the United Nations and by acting in contravention of its codes, the US was thereby violating both international and domestic (constitutional) law, in order to further its military and strategic aims. In his (of the time) groundbreaking work The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, William Appleman Williams shoes how America has used informal empire to influence and shape weaker states into an American political and economic mold. At the time of publication, Appleman Williams in his conclusion chapter references the then ongoing Vietnam war and he draws parallels with this and the way the United States acted in the past (Hawaii and the expansionism era of the 1890s.) It is interesting to now be able to draw parallels with the Bush Doctrine as evidenced in the Global War on Terror. Williams comments on the Open Door policy for foreign expansionism which helped America out of the slump of 1893 (in essence, the scramble for China.) This foreign policy advanced by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay allowed imperial powers to equally access the Chinese market, without in fact colonizing it. (It was a great fear of the U.S. that China would be colonized thereby threatening U.S. commercial interests.)   He provided a revisionist interpretation of the debates occurring in the 1890s: at the time it was imperialist vs. anti-imperialist Williams shifts this analysis to colonialist vs. anti-colonialist. This analysis provides us with further proof that the American experiment differed in substantial ways from the colonial empires of the Old World. His analysis also questions the then pervading narrative of Americas altruistic exceptionalism as being the primary driver in entering into foreign wars. Again, parallels can be drawn between more recent US Oil wars. In an inte resting contemporary development on the Hawaii situation, President Clinton in 1993 (100 years after the overthrow) signed a congressional joint resolution into law, known as the Apology Resolution. It acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum  [21]   To conclude, it is evident that a marked shift in occurred in the American foreign policy and militarism in the 1890s, culminating in the Spanish-American war. Americas approach to the Hawaii situation and the ultimate annexation of the islands was a turning point, and was clearly the first real evidence of the new American empire. I have reviewed debates and accounts from the time and later, influential revisionist writers such as Appleman Williams who makes comparisons to the then current Vietnam situation. I have reviewed and discussed recent literature from critics of current U.S. wars and drawn comparisons between Hawaii in 1898 and current conflicts over 100 years later. The conclusion is that although the symbol or form of empire is different it is still there.

Origin of Digital Species Essay -- Internet History Essays

Origin of Digital Species Lev Manovich1 and Simon Cook2 argue that the internet and digital culture should be understood as a product of late Victorian and Modernist visual forms, but it is the goal of this paper to show that the internet and digital culture, while heavily influenced by these visual forms, is not the sole product of them, and that the time period between 1930 and the present day must also be included when analyzing the history of the internet. The best illustration of this point is the similarity and yet fundamental difference between the cinematographic experiments of the Soviet Constructivist Dziga Vertov and the modern visual jockey artists known as the â€Å"NomIg Collective†. By analyzing the art forms that exist on the internet it is possible to see how they are related to the preceding forms of art that existed in the times from which Manovich and Cook claim the internet to be a product. Before the terms Late Victorian, Modernist and Post-modernist visual forms are used, it is important to define what is meant by each of these terms, and to explain how they are all in essence connected to each other. During the Victorian era the world was transformed. Starting with Darwin’s theory of evolution, the world of science crecendoed into a period of rapid discovery and accelerated advancement that was previously unknown. It was out of this boom in the intellectual world that man’s desire to possess all knowledge began to seem more of an achievable goal and less like medieval lore . It was around the Victorian period that all modern forms of classification are began to expand: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Museums are Libraries -to name a few forms- started to grow into their modern form as common tool... ...tov the need to refer to the cinematographer and the camera as machines that can engineer a product as well as any other piece of machinery. However, NomIg makes no self references, there is no portrayal of the computer or the human as anything specific in their work, and so they leave out a basic tenet of the Modernist manifesto. When the internet and digital culture is analyzed through the types of art it inspires it becomes clear that while the foundations for computers and artistic technique are a inspired by and partly the product of late Victorian and Modernist visual forms, it is not possible to ignore the effect that postmodernism has had on these art forms. To understand digital culture, regard should be given to both the Modernists who created the scientific framework and the Postmodernists who created the subject matter to exist within that framework.

Children in the Philippines: No Time for Play Essay

Children in the Philippines: â€Å"No Time for Play’ What brand of sugar are you using right now? Where was it made? Do you know what went into the making of your sugar? It could be the blood of a child, the sweat of a child, the tears ofa child. Now, as I read about child labor, I look down at the pack of sugar I am using. I twist it around in an attempt to get a look at the tag, I can read the plain white tape into the tag: â€Å"Manufactured in Negros Occidental†. As I slowly put the sugar on the table, I think about what it means. Negros Occidental is the major producer of sugarcane and a major home to child labor. According to DOLE, an estimated 3 – 5 million working children are there in the Philippines. As likely as not, the pack of sugar I’m using is the product of some unfortunate child forced by circumstances to work away his or her childhood in a sweatshop. It feels sad that what we use as our daily commodity is the work of the poor Filipino children. â€Å"The child is the father of man. † This famous line quoted by William Wordsworth refers to the importance of the child for the development of society as well as for the all-round development of the human race. Childhood is the time to garner the best hysical, intellectual and emotional capacity to fulfill this duty towards the nation and to one’s own self. However, this simple rule of nature has been crippled by the ever- growing menace of child labor. If one conceives the idea of child labor, it brings before the eyes the picture of exploitation of little, physically tender, illiterate and under-nourished children working in hazardous and unhealthy conditions. As what we saw last Tuesday, September 7, 2010 in our film showing about Social Class at the Educational Media Center of CPL], it is very depressing that many Filipino children are under child labor. In Sudtonggan, Cebu children are carrying piles of marble stone on their head. In Diwalwal, Davao del Norte, children are laborers through the night. Children at about 12 years old are mining in deep tunnels. Mining is a very dangerous Job because going inside the tunnel is a 50/50 chance that you can get out alive. A lot has already been died inside the tunnel due to dynamite smoke, falling rocks, and avalanche. Many children also died because of mercury poisoning from the fish that they eat because in making gold the ore that the miners collect are mixed with water and mercury and the mercury deposits are disposed nto their lands leading to the sickness of their people and themselves. We also saw in the film, a girl named Angeli Cabrera, a 10 year old girl who lives at Manapla, Negros Occidental. Angeli used to work in a hacienda (a sugarcane factory) in their place and earn not as much as 50 pesos a day. Due to her work she is always absent lost one of her finger, her classmates used to tease her, she said to her classmates she got wounds not because of playing but because of hard work. There are also cases especially in Ormoc, Leyte where children are told or brainwashed by a recruiter that there is a good Job in their place. The recruiter will bring them into the ship to Manila and force them to work in a sweatshop instead of working in a good job as a saleslady. The worst part of it is that they are imprisoned. The children are not allowed to send letters to their parents. The imprisoned children struggled in the sweatshop. Hopefully the Kamanglayan Development Center retrieve the children in that sweatshop and imprisoned the recruiter behind it. Now the Kamanglayan Development Center are monitoring children that travel to Manila by the boat and the most successful organization for working children. Can you imagine that millions of children are working nowadays? It’s a mere fact and a big frustration to us all. More and more children are forced to child labor because of poverty. They had suffered hunger and thirst, pain in the body and pain in the heart. They had sacrificed their life – instead of playing they are working, instead of studying they are sweating. Working children are deprived of playing. Children are supposed to play and not to work in sweatshops because being a child doesn’t last forever. They should enjoy their childhood and be happy with his or her amily; yet it is a big wake up call to us all that not all people live within their means. Filipino families suffer the economic crisis of our country. Many parents work hard and still cannot fully support their family and that is why children are forced to work because they pity their parents and they work in order to help them. The love that the Filipino children give to their parents is very noble yet the way they help their parents is too much, child labor is not the best way to help their parents. Children are suffering and shouting â€Å"No time for play’. Yes, poverty has greatly ruled the land yet when will this suffering end?

George Robert Twelves Hewes essays

George Robert Twelves Hewes essays George Hewes was born in Boston in 1742 but moved to New York when he was eight. Born into a poor family with his dad dying of a stroke at a very young age, his mom was the sole benefactor of the house. From the beginning, it was clear that he was destined to be established into a low social class for he didnt have anything going for him. He wasnt' tall nor big so the only job he could do was to make shoes. Later when he would want to fight in the war, he could not because his physical statue. He was put into the shoemakin business by his mom beause she felt he wasn't capable of doin anything else. No one else in his family had done anything other than trading or jobs of such kind. This made Hewes seem to have a strong or dominant personality. "He was what Bostonians called 'saucy'; he was always in Dutch (575)." He mother was very controlling of him which would later effect the way he responded to authority. "Abigail Hewes must have been desperate to control George." This statement refers to how Abigail would punish George very heavily for the littlest things. Young interprets this as a way to keep her son in line or restrain him from straying from the family. As George Hewes got older, more Americans were rebelling against Britain's ruling. Britain began to tax the cities' more on things that seemed unnecessary to the people. Hewes still was a shoemaker as an adult male so that didnt help him move up into a higher social class. According to Young, "Between 1768 and 1775, the shoemaker became a citizen-an active participant in the events that led to the Revolution, an angry, assertive man who won recognition as a patriot (585)." This quote states much about Hewes personality. Throughout his life, many people tried to step on and take advantage of him, but this did not get him down. No matter how people treated him, he still gave them respect and would not act hastily or in spite. In one instance...

Early Development of the United States Court System

Early Development of the United States Court System Article Three of the US Constitution stated: [t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The first actions of the newly created Congress were to pass the Judiciary Act of 1789 that made provisions for the Supreme Court. It said that it would consist of a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices and they would meet in the nations capital. The first Chief Justice appointed by George Washington was John Jay who served from September 26, 1789, to June 29, 1795. The five Associate Justices were John Rutledge, William Cushing, James Wilson, John Blair, and James Iredell. The Judiciary Act of 1789 The Judiciary Act of 1789 additionally stated that the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court would include appellate jurisdiction in larger civil cases and cases in which state courts ruled on federal statutes. Further, the Supreme Court justices were required to serve on the U.S. circuit courts. Part of the reason for this to make sure that judges from the highest court would be involved in the principal trial courts learn about the procedures of the state courts. However, this was often seen as a hardship. Further, in the early years of the Supreme Court, the justices had little control over which cases they heard. It was not until 1891 that they were able to review courses through certiorari and did away with the right of automatic appeal. While the Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, it has limited administrative authority over the federal courts. It wasnt until 1934 that Congress gave it the responsibility for drafting rules of federal procedure. Circuits and Districts The Judiciary Act also marked out the United States into circuits and districts. Three circuit courts were created. One included the Eastern States, the second included the Middle States, and the third was created for the Southern States. Two justices of the Supreme Court were assigned to each of the circuits, and their duty was to periodically go to a city in each state in the circuit and hold a circuit court in combination with the district judge of that state. The point of the circuit courts was to decide cases for most federal criminal cases along with suits between citizens of different states and civil cases brought by the US Government. They also served as appellate courts. The number of Supreme Court justices involved in each circuit court was reduced to one in 1793. As the United States grew, the number of circuit courts and the number of Supreme Court justices grew to ensure that there was one justice for each circuit court. The circuit courts lost the ability to judge on a ppeals with the creation of the US Circuit Court of Appeals in 1891 and was entirely abolished in 1911. Congress created thirteen district courts, one for each state. The district courts were to sit for cases involving admiralty and maritime cases along as some minor civil and criminal cases. The cases had to arise within the individual district to be seen there. Also, the judges were required to live in their district. They were also involved in the circuit courts and often spent more time on their circuit court duties than their district court duties. The president was to create a district attorney in each district. As new states arose, new district courts were established in them, and in some cases, additional district courts were added in larger states. Learn more about the US Federal Court System.

Honolulu International Airport Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Honolulu International Airport - Research Paper Example In 1947 it was renamed as Honolulu international airport. On account of its strategic position in the center of Pacific Ocean, it functioned as a halting station for many flights crossing the ocean which flew from the Asia and Australia to the regions of north and South America. It is publicly owned by the state of Hawaii. With the continuous use of the airport, many developments have taken place in the airport especially after 1950s, in order to cater to the growing needs of air transport and to facilitate the increasing amount of air traffic. In 1965 the original terminal building at the airport was demolished in for the development of the John Rodgers building. The terminal building underwent many expansions and the Diamond Head Concourse was added to it in 1970, the Ewa Concourse in 1972 and the Central Concourse in 1980. The airport covers about 2216 acres of land area and about 2210 acres of water. It has four runways with asphalt or bituminous surface and two runways on water that provide service to the seaplanes for landing and take off. Out of them, two are parallel east-west runways and two crosswind runways. The reef runway (8R/26/L) is entirely constructed offshore on reclaimed land. It has been identified as an alternate landing place for the NASA space shuttles. The airport also shares some of the defense airfield facilities with the Hickam Air Force Base. Currently, the airport provides services to 31 operating airlin... The terminal has facilities for shopping, medical service, business center with conference room, restaurant and hotel. The Wiki Wiki buses run between the terminals for transport on the airfield. Functioning as a hub and spoke airport, it acts a primary hub for international aviations and as a point to point airport for the domestic airways. It is one of the large hub airports of total 29 such hub and spoke airports in the United States. It shares 1.36% of the total passenger traffic out of the total large hubs in the United States with a total number of 84,796 fight departures and commuting a total number of 8,684,893 passengers.1 It also transfers a freight of 199,144.89 tones and 28,931.18 tones of mails in the year of 2000.2 The mode of transportation to and from the airport The airport is connected with freeways to other parts of the island and to other islands via domestic airlines as well as water ways. As of now, in Honolulu, there are no fixed rail mass transit systems. The interstate H-I freeway connects the Honolulu city with the international airport and the same road also connects the Hikam Air Force base with the airport. Nimitz Highway and the Queen Liliuokalani Freeway connect the airport with other parts of the Oahu Island. Many state-authorized and non authorized bus services shuttle between Waikiki, a well known beach resort on Oahu Island, and Honolulu Airport. The buses offer transportation to other hotels in Waikiki from where transportation services are available for other travel destination. The airport is in excellent connection with the Honolulu city with the public transportation service, called 'The Bus'. Buses commute from the place at an interval of 30 minutes to the city area thus providing good amount of connection to the

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT ABSTRACT Assignment

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT ABSTRACT - Assignment Example The modern lifestyles characterized with minimal physical social interaction are largely to blame for the lack of information on such evident topics in the public domain. This research therefore seeks to legitimize this claim by studying the missionary work in Arab countries by Brazilian missionaries. A missionary act, just like evangelism, is a means of spreading the gospel to regions considered unreachable by Christian adherents. The Arab world is largely Islamic which implies that such people have adequate knowledge on religion and arguably Christianity. However, the two have different cultures which may be a hindrance to changing their mentality into concurring with the teachings of Christianity thus influencing their refusal to change their religions. Hospitality is a virtue of religions espoused upon by Jesus Christ and enshrined in the holy books of the religion. The differing cultures of the Arabs and the Brazilian missionaries may arguably have an influence on their understanding of hospitality, which infers that the Arabic understanding if hospitality especially in relation to people ascribing to other faiths may impact their receipt of such sensational and radical information concerning a new faith. The research therefore seeks to establish the role that culture plays in understanding hospitality and how the two influences the spread of the

TV media and violence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TV media and violence - Term Paper Example However, it is not enough to leave the subject vague and as such, there is need to weigh media positivity against its negativity. Focusing on media’s negative effects such as violence is particularly important in order to eliminate undesired moral values in a bid to build a better society. Televised media can arguably be considered the most influential form of media due to its ability to air in both audio and video forms simultaneously. Therefore, it is important noting that televised media does not only involve television programs and movies but also any other telecommunication medium that involves movements of images and sound such as video games among others. A large number of televised media platforms that people interact with in the modern have a form of violence. Violence refers to any form of aggression or activity that results to physical injury. In a bid to relate media to violence it is necessary to focus more on violence from the scientific perspective that seeks to lie more on determining causes of violence rather than the violent actions (Escobar-Chaves and Anderson, 2008, para. 2). This implies that media can arguably be considered as a source of violence in the society. Cases of violence especially among the young people have been on the rise since the introduction of televised media. Taking a keen interest in the development of people, televised media, which is part of the immediate surroundings of a developing person, can arguably be considered one of the factors that shape a person’s identity. This is to say that a person’s behavior is dependent on the ongoing activities relating to that particular environment. When people are born they do not poses personal identities. However, in the course of growth and as interactions increase, personal traits are developed based on an individual’s surroundings. A combination of self-discovery and the imminent environment leads to formation of self-identity (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2010, p.118).

The Difference Maker Essay Example for Free

The Difference Maker Essay One of the main goals of all human beings is to want achieve success in all areas of our life, work, family, social and are always in search of that success so longed happiness handed us dream. There are thousands of books and authors who speak of matter, where we teach key tips to achieve excellent development of our goals and achievements. One of those great authors who have dedicated their entire life to write and teach route form and order to achieve those goals is Jhon C. Maxwell, great motivator that has worked to lecture within organizations to promote extraordinary leaders. Maxwell in one of his books entitled The Difference Marker teaches us to turn our attitude as the most valuable asset for achieving all of our objectives and goals. He tells us that a great attitude is all that you need to be successful, but not enough just to have a good attitude, you also need to possess skills and integrated both accompany success. The attitude that you have positive and negative situations would make a difference and Maxwell mentions five obstacles encountered: discouragement, change, problems, fears and losses, he also believes that attitude is an internal feeling, which is influenced by your experiences past, is the power of your true self, is unconscious, is your best friend or enemy, and that attitude is manifested through our conduct, is the spokesman for your present and your future prophet. The big question, Where do we get that attitude really?, Your environment where and how you grew up, the expressions of others and how they perceive you, as you will perceive yourself, the opportunities are not equal for all the world, the partner with people with the same interests, the strongly you have to believe in your thoughts, how you decide how you will do things, in order while more you live more moldable are your decisions. We can not disconnect the attitude of the reality in which we live, and think we will get success only by our dreams. The attitude that we develop make a difference, but it is all we have to prepare because there are things she can not compensate: Attitude can not replace the aptitude, the latter is the ability you have to do things, Maxwell says, that if you think you can do something thats confidence, the ability to do it, and both are necessary for success; The attitude can not substitute for experience, and usually get until after you need it. First comes the test and after the experience, this one does not learn is acquired, so it is important to hire people with experience (aptitude) and this combined with the positive attitude, will give the winning formula; Your attitude can not change the events, you can handle them and accepting in good shape, if you can not change, then accept it in a good way, how? Changing your attitude;- Your attitude can not substitute personal grow th, you have to feed the mind and soul to become the person you want;- Your attitude will remain the same all the time, unless you work at it every day, trying to get the daily control of the attitude should be one of our main objectives. We need to understand that we need to experience in our lives, ripen, grow them, believe in yourself and have a persevering attitude to succeed. When we asked why we have to have a good attitude in our lives, and that will bring benefits, Maxwell explains: external events can not be controlled by us, but the internal are the opposite, and the attitude that I developed before these events I can control, make the difference. The positive or negative attitude I have in a given situation will change the way that I can see things and therefore my behavior. If I want to emphasize the negative, my situation is black, clouded, however if I want to emphasize the positive perception will be glad in hope. The basic principle of working with people and be successful is in: The principle of the glasses, as we see other people and this has more to do with our attitude that the characteristics of individuals; Beginning of sorrow, when a person is hurtful, hurts others, the negative experiences we can have other relationships affect personal relationships can come to exist, even if they are not harmful; Top of the elevator, we go up and down to people according to their limitations and weaknesses; Learning principle, every person we meet gives us a lesson, something new, some people determine that they can learn something from them, others not simply because they have nothing to offer. It is so important to keep a positive attitude in any event, that many doctors assert that creates a direct effect on the bodys cells, causing delay the advance of disease. Psychoneuroimmunology is the science in charge the emotional and mental activity, and the welfare of the individual, and indicates that patients may have a higher recovery if there is a relationship between feelings and emotions. Plato said that our mind was our home, and we can make it heaven or hell. Life is 95% mental and the other 5% is physical these are words of Yogi Berra, baseball player New York Yankee team, and this affirmation is true. The attitude that we develop in situations of our lives make a difference. But what would these actions we should take to have a great attitude: 1-Take responsibility for your attitude, the first rule is not to feel defeated because your attitude is not right, take action to improve it. 2-Evaluate your attitude in this, look at yourself to see whats causing this, and you have to make positive changes to achieve this transformation. There are several steps: Identify how you feel about yourself, how you feel in relation to others the problem youre thinking, we are the sum of our thoughts. It is therefore important to think positive because we will never change our attitude but start first with our thoughts. 3-Build the change you wish. 4-Change your attitude, change your thoughts, to be able to control your thoughts can control your attitude.You are not what you think you are, but what you think, you are.5-Build good habits. 6-Manege daily attitude, successful people make decisions once the work every day. The five biggest obstacles attitude are:-discouragement, change, the problems, the fear failure. If you allow discouragement invade your life, you will never get the success you want. Do not confuse one passenger discouragement, we can have a day for any situation and overcome it, to when we refer to a constant discouragement in all our actions. The key is to focus on the positive things and learn to live with the bad or negative. There are several points that teach us to work effectively against discouragement. 1-Get the right perspective on the situation, not refute the facts how?: Having a good view of the entire film have a look at the problem, Observe yourself when you turn your face to discouragement know what you are facing and find new opportunities that in this situation presented to you; Notes profoundly successful people, See the positive possibilities that it can bring this situation. 2-Go, meet the right people, we have to try to spend more time with positive people, those that help us have hope, faith, confidence in ourselves. 3-Pronounce right words, do not talk badly about yourself, use positive words. 4-Develop right expectations, it is important to create realistic expectations, you can achieve, considering that you submit obstacles in the way, which get over. 5-Take the right decisions, when we take wrong decisions, we are worn because we chose the wrong way, so it is important to know when and how we will make decisions. Maxwell explains that when we are at the top of the mountain and will take decisions when we are in the valley, that is down need to develop persistence. If we can develop and maintain perspective can overcome discouragement and move forward. We humans although we like the change, we resist on. Change is hard for everyone, but we are also aware that there is no progress without change, there are several reasons that make us resist them: fear of the unknown, because they believe it is not the time to do it, because they feel uncomfortable, probably because different from what they know, not that it is bad or wrong, just not what theyre used, for established traditions. We try to get things done in every area of our lives, and in most of the times, we have to do it in the mist of difficulties. We simply cannot avoid problem, no one is exempt of them. But our perspective on the problem usually determines our success or failure, not the problem itself. The key is to focus on what you learning, not on what you are losing. If you do that, then you will open the door to future possibilities. Fear is part of the human condition and all of us experience some kind of fear, defined as a false expectation appearing real. It has destructive effects when our own thoughts create potential danger for cause inaction, and us when taking action will require us to move into the unknown. Fear and anxiety are debilitating emotions than let us undermine faith in ourselves, in others, and in God. Also is a waste of energy when unfounded fear can turn into a real problem and keeps a person and others around him from reaching their potential. In order to handle fear you must admit your fears, recognizing the source of them and how your fears can limit you. The only place we really have any power is in the present and it require give today our attention, not yesterday because is waste of energy and nothing can change it, not tomorrow because can cause us miss present opportunities. The difference between average people and achieving people is their perception of a response to failure, which is determined for the attitude, the difference maker. When we face failure, we have to change our attitude. We have to change our vocabulary for example instead of using â€Å"If only† the way to correct that mind set is to change by â€Å"Next time†. The success people do not use the word failure to describe their mistakes, instead they referred to learning experiences, tuition paid or opportunity for grows. The difference maker, your attitude is not everything, but it is one thing that can make a difference in your life. When we allow the difference maker to make an impact in our lives, we can help others. Actually this is the mean purpose of the difference maker; if we apply as leaders the power of a positive attitude starting in us, we can spread to the employees in the organization and achieve personal and corporate goals. In this book John Maxwell destroys the common myths relating to the attitude: what can and can not do for you. By showing how to overcome the five main barriers of attitude, Maxwell teaches the skills needed to turn the attitude in the most valuable possession. What is more important, the book teaches not only develop an attitude that will have a tremendous impact on career, family and everyday life, but also to maintain that attitude for the rest of life.