Discussion Board criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Board criminal justice - Essay Example It is well known that most people tend to retain more of what they see than what they hear. This lends to what some see as an advantage for the prosecution, but demonstrative evidence must pass several tests before admission in a trial. First, there are specific rules pertaining to each type of demonstrative evidence. For instance, if presenting a police sketch as evidence, there is a possibility that it may not be admissible because it is ruled to be hearsay. Second, there are rules for demonstrative evidence in general. For instance, an accident reconstruction chart presented as evidence must be necessary in order to demonstrate another piece of evidence, such as oral testimony. According to an internet article about evidence, (â€Å"Demonstrative Evidence†, n.d.) foundation rules for demonstrative evidence involve authentication, representational accuracy and identification. The article also states that demonstrative evidence â€Å"must pass the ‘three hurdles’ of admissibility: relevancy; materiality; and competency.† (â€Å"Demonstrative Evidence†, n.d.) Documentary evidence is another form of evidence used in many trials. It can be described as any evidence presented through a written document. In most cases, this involves a contract or confession. Some of the rules an attorney must consider when using documentary evidence are the rules of parol evidence, best evidence, authentication, and hearsay. The best evidence rule deals with the originality of the document being offered for admission. If the document being presented for evidence is not the original, in most cases it will not be allowed as evidence. Courts do not usually allow a copy of a document as evidence. According to an internet encyclopedia, â€Å"the best evidence rule states that when the contents of a written document are offered in evidence, the court will not accept a copy

Significance of Manned Missions to Mars Essay Example for Free

Significance of Manned Missions to Mars Essay After Apollo 11 succeeded in the first manned mission to land on the Moon in 1969, people’s interests were gradually leaving the Moon and went on to Mars, which is the most similar planet to Earth in the solar system. In such a current of public opinion, the U. S. and other countries have been trying to send human beings to Mars. However, today, there is a debate as to whether we should continue making efforts to send mankind to Mars, or not. Some people say that it is not worth the expense and risk to make a manned flight to Mars. On the other hand, others think it is still important to continue making those attempts – not for a material purpose, but for pursuing romance of space travel. Opponents of a manned mission to Mars claim that it costs too much to keep making attempts, and if we did not have to spend such money on those missions, we could increase health-care, education, and some other budgets. It is true. However, what is waiting for us in such a future as we will get at the sacrifice of dream or romance? What is necessary for people of today is not material wealth which we can get by cutting the budget of missions to Mars but mental wealth which we can cultivate by pursuing romance or dreaming of it. Opponents also maintain that we should quit trying to make those impractical attempts and wait until the technology is established because we cannot send mankind to Mars with the current technology. However, this argument is off the point because it is not important whether those attempts are impractical or not at the present moment. Necessity always makes technology develop. By practically continuing making efforts to send mankind to Mars, we can develop the technology which is needed to make it possible. In order to get something, we have to do something. Just waiting for something doesn’t help. The other arguments advanced by opponents is that we will not have any beneficial results except mental satisfaction such as dream or romance even if we can make a manned flight to Mars. However, of course, there are several beneficial things we will get from the success of missions to Mars. At first, understanding Mars helps us to understand more about our planet Earth because of the similarity between these two planets. We may be able to know how to protect the environment on Earth by studying how Mars died. Additionally, space engineering is one of the latest frontiers of science. We will be able to apply the technology we will have developed in this field to several other fields. Accordingly, missions to Mars have a benefit not only for people who are interested in Mars but also for people who are not. Certainly, it may not be easy to continue making efforts to send mankind to Mars, and it costs a lot. Nonetheless, things we get by missions to Mars are more than things we lose by it as mentioned above. By pursuing romance of space travel, we make dream which seems impossible to be achieved come true, and while we enjoy technology and knowledge we get from missions to Mars, we can avoid losing mental wealth at the same time. We should continue trying to make a manned flight to Mars.

Success Of The Coca Cola Company

Success Of The Coca Cola Company This report is to investigate Coca Cola Company. On this coursework I will look at the company on all aspects from their business functions, organisational structures to the companys objectives. I would have to look at the departments within the business and the functional areas within these departments, also look at the different management styles within the business, looking at the organisational structure, the communication used within the business, and the impact of ICT on the organisations communications. The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Along with Coca Cola, the worlds best known brand, The Coca Cola Company markets four of the worlds top-five soft drink brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. Throughout the world, no other brand is an immediately recognizable as Coca Cola. With operations in more than 200 countries, a diverse workforce comprised of more than 200 different nationalities, communicating in more than 100 different languages, The Coca Cola Company is part of the fabric of life in each of the communities they serve throughout the world. It operates as a local business partner, providing quality in the marketplace, enhancing the workplace, preserving the environment and strengthening the community. Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. Coca-Cola was invented in May 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The name Coca-Cola was suggested by Dr. Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. He kept the name Coca-Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Coca-Cola was first sold at a soda fountain by mixing Coca-Cola syrup with carbonated soda in Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta by Willis Venable. During the first year, sales of Coca-Cola averaged nine drinks a day, adding up to total sales for that year of $50. Since the years expenses were just over $70, Dr. Pemberton took a loss. Today, products of The Coca-Cola Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day. In 1893, Coca Cola was registered in the United States and then further investment was put into it to expand the business. To handle the enormous capacity of its business, the Coca Cola Company has divided up into six operating units: Middle and Far East Groups, Europe, The Latin America Group, The North America, The Africa Group and The Minute Maid Company. The Head Quarters is situated in the United States. The country that Im going to be concentrating on is the United Kingdom and how the company works in the U.K. Action Plan I drew up this action plan as a guide to prioritise what information I need to complete this report. The method of research I will use the most on this report will be secondary research such as the annual reports, etc. Coca Colas Ownership ===================== The Coca Cola Company is a public limited company . They offer shares to the general public through the company. It is mainly larger companies such as Coca Cola that are public limited companies. The advantages of a public limited company are: * Shareholders have limited liability * The sale of shares enables larger sums of money to be raised * While the company has this money permanently, the individual owners can recoup their money by selling their shares to others * Directors may be brought in as experts in certain fields * Produce goods at lower unit cost * Due to their size they can benefit from economies of scale, e.g. bulk buying, cheaper borrowing The disadvantages of a public limited company are:  · There are a number of legal requirements to fulfil in setting up a company  · Regulations mean that a company is more expensive to set up than a sole trader or partnership, although the cost may be as little as  £100, and some already registered companies can be bought off the peg  · The accounting of a company is less private than for other forms of organisation  · The company could become to large resulting in poor labour relations  · There could be a conflict of interest between shareholders and the Board of Directors  · Possibility of takeover or merger because shares can be bought by anyone Coca Cola also have limited liability as they are a public limited company. A limited company is owned by its shareholders. There is no legal maximum to the number of shareholders. There are two forms of Limited Liability Company in the UK, the Private Limited Company (Ltd) and the Public Limited Company (Plc). The essential difference, between the two, is that the Private Limited Company can not legally offers its shares to the general public, therefore this form of company is usually associated with family run businesses. Whilst the Public Limited Company can sell its shares to the general public on the Stock Exchange, providing the potential for far greater finances to be raised. The owners of a limited company are referred to as its members, or shareholders. An individual can become an owner of the business by purchasing shares in that business. When the profits of the business are distributed to shareholders, they are distributed in the form of a dividend. The value of the dividend is decided upon not by the owners, but by the Directors of the business. Some shareholders had invested their life savings and not only lost their money, but their homes, limited liability was designed to protect shareholders from this mistake, but the key motive was to ensure that large projects could continue to raise capital. Coca Colas Objectives of the Company Mainly all companies objectives are to survive, maximize their profits and to expand their business, however, from when Coca Cola had started, over the years they had achieved these objectives. So the company have come up with six strategic objectives to provide the company with a framework for the companys success. In 2003, every function of The Coca-Cola Company integrated these priorities into their business plans. And this year, they will continue to establish these priorities, and their benefits into every aspect of the business. Coca Colas Six Strategic Priorities ==================================== 1. Accelerate carbonated soft-drinks growth led by coca cola Coca Cola leads with their strengths. Carbonated soft drinks remain their most profitable business and Coca Cola is the most popular brand in the world. This strategy paves the way for growth. 2. Selectively broaden our family of beverage brands to drive profitable growth Enormous opportunity exists in categories such as juice and juice drinks, bottled water, teas, energy drinks, coffee and more. 3. Grow system profitability and capability together with our bottling partners Coca Cola is a company of relationships, and one of our most important relationships is the one we share with our bottling partners. In 2003, those relationships became more profitable and productive. 4. Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across all channels We will continually strive to increase growth for the customers businesses, helping create a context for the companys growth. 5. Direct investments to highest-potential areas across markets Coca Cola tailor their business approach to the individual marketplace based on its stage of development. In this way, we direct our investments in a way that makes the most business sense. 6. Drive efficiency and cost-effectiveness everywhere By leveraging technology, creating alignment across business units and achieving economies of scale, we are able to operate with more efficiency. To maximise profits enables the company to enhance the business, to expand the business, allow business to take over another business, buy new machineries, and pay more dividends to the shareholders. Enhancing the business means to upgrade the business in a sense that a business buys new Computers, new office equipments, new furniture, expand the office, employee more labor etc. These six objectives are just not the businesses objectives but they provide the framework for the companys success. They achieve these goals very successfully by striving for carrying out against a crystal clear strategy for success, and by doing so with an unwavering commitment to quality. Departments of Coca Cola Every organisation is made up of different departments, each of these departments help Coca Cola achieve their objectives. As Coca Cola is a large multinational company, the amounts of departments are huge. Each country has their own Head Office and departments. Coca Cola is geographically split into five geographic operating segments, also known as strategic business units (SBUs). The five SBUs are North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Eurasia and Middle East and finally Latin America. If all these departments perform in the correct way then that will continue the success of Coca Cola. There are 6 functional departments within Coca Cola, these are:  · Marketing  · Finance  · Packaging  · Sales  · Research and development  · Administration Marketing The Coca Cola marketing department at the Atlanta Headquarters develops core strategies for company brands to ensure that all communication is consistent in every market.With this cohesive effort, the Coca-Cola system maximizes its resources for market leadership and profitable growth. The marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets. Finance The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making budget of the company and for each department like marketing department or research and development department. They will also be involved in the planning process like taking over or any major decision. Packaging The packaging department of The Coca-Cola Department is responsible for the packaging of the products. They have to make the packaging attractive so that that product meets the eyes of the consumers. Bringing new products package is their responsibility. It works with the companies bottling partners to produce an attractive combination. Sales The sales department of the Coca Cola Company is to coordinate the selling program. They also have to make the distribution methods, etc. Also, decide how much to sell and how much to store in the warehouse and to choose the transporting method which is the most cost efficient and the quickest way. Research and development This department has their budget given by the finance department and their responsibility is to investigate new products. They work closely with marketing by looking at marketing research findings. They have to bring new products in the market for the change because the consumer cannot stick with the same old products. If necessary then they also have to improve the quality of the products. The Coca-Cola Company research department has done a lot of research and recently they have launched many new products like Diet coke with lemon, Fanta Tropical, Minute maids, Fanta raspberry, Fanta blue berry etc. Administration This department is essential for keeping the business going. They act as a help support of the company, it is not the central purpose the business but every business organization would need this department. Most businesses rely on administration to be organized. They deal with enquiries, give messages produce documents and give information to any customer. The complaints that this department will get would be transferred to the research and development department to make the product better or fix the problem that the consumer is having. These departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfies the customer by providing the information they needs and taking the complaints and passing to the research and development departments who improves the products. Management Styles There are four main types of management styles that each business would use. Coca Cola have four principles of citizenship that they would have to incorporate into the management style: * Provide quality in the marketplace * Enrich the workplace * Preserve the environment * Strengthen the community A management style is an overall method of leadership used by the manager. The Coca Cola Company use the following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three main types of management styles used in businesses: Autocratic Where the leader makes all the decisions, there is no negotiation and is very prescriptive and there is little job satisfaction. However, the job gets done quickly and there is less conflict between different ideas. This style is hardly used among the company as they believe that the lack of input could lead to poor results. Autocratic does save a lot of time as quick decisions can be made and there is no time wasted on discussion resulting in the business saving time and money. Democratic This emphasises on group agreements to generate new ideas. There are two types of democratic management styles; democratic and consultative democratic. Democratic is where all the managers, junior managers and employees are involved in the ideas and final decision process. Out of all the workers, no-one has a higher level than the others n this management style. Consultative democratic This is where the managers allow the employees to make the ideas but the ideas are forwarded to the executives or the manager consults their team to make the final decision. Coca Cola applies consultative management style to the company more as there can be less conflict for what the final decision is. The advantage of this is that it helps to motivate staff as they are aware that they have a say in the company to some extent. The disadvantages of this that the process is very time consuming and effort will be needed by a manager to do this. Management encourages employees to set goals in line within the organization aims. There are reviewed regularly in performance appraisals. The advantages of this style are that it will increase efficiency of individuals and help to motivate them and train them so they are productive. The disadvantages of this are that it needs to be well organized and will not work in highly structured jobs. Democratic style is the management style that Coca cola adopts. This sort of management style involves empowerment. In this management style individuals and teams are given responsibilities and decisions to make, usually within a given framework. If anything wrong happens then the individuals and teams are then held responsible for the decisions that are chosen. With this type of management style it allows the manager to feel comfortable with other people in the organization making some of the decisions. Democratic managers will often want feed back from their employees on decisions being made. Democratic leaders listen and act on the opinions of the group. This type of management is good as it makes the employees happy and productivity is high. This is a very good method because employees thoughts and suggestions are listened to by the business. This makes the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughts are valid. Coca Colas Management by Objectives Management by objectives is a process of management that emphasises the role of leadership and communications in the organisation and control of the business. It is a method of managing managers rather than the workforce at large. The following shows how Coca Cola is managed, by the three basic elements in management that Coca Cola uses by the objectives:  · The identification of agreed goals by a manager and a subordinate  · The definition of the subordinates responsibilities in terms of agreed results  · The use of agreed goals and responsibilities to control the progress of the business Cultures Every business is made up of different cultures and the cultures that are present within the business depend on the management style and the organisational structures that are used. The different types of structures are: Role Culture- This is best suited to a hierarchy organizational structure. This type of culture works best by every employee playing the role that he or she has been predetermined and corresponds with the rules and regulations of the business Task Culture- This culture encourages people to work as a team; this works best in a star structure. Power Culture- This works well in a matrix structure. It is based around one dominant individual/leader. Person Culture- this culture focuses on providing administrative help and support and close attention to one person in the organization. Role culture is the culture that Coca Cola adopts. This is where all members have a defined job or role to carry out. Role culture is normally split up into a number of functions that are organized in a hierarchical way. Coca Cola would divide themselves into various functions like accounts, marketing and production. These also have hierarchical ordering of office examples of these are production director, production managers, supervisors, technicians, operatives etc. This type of culture works by logic and rationality. Role culture is mainly used in large organization. In this culture position in the main source of power and rules and procedures are the main source of influence. They also use task culture s the employees from the I.T department might have to work together to teach their goal or target Management style of Coca Cola. If the culture of the business is not good, it can affect the number of absenteeism and punctuality. This means that if Coca Cola had a hard and unfriendly culture it can force their staff not to come to work because they might be picked on every day by other staff members, or they might not like the work they are given so they either come in late or take a day of work. This would result in the business losing out on work, and have less time to call in for a replacement. The culture of Coca Cola could have an affect on industrial relations, between managers and workers. So if Coca Cola didnt have a warm and genial culture it would cause more disagreements between staff and managers and staff would not be motivated to work, for example, staff may have to cut down on rest days, this could cause arguments as all staff would be tired from working everyday and would not have time to recover or spend it with their family. However, if the company had a warm culture then the managers and staff would get very well as staff would have less stress to compete with and would have a friendly environment to work in without having someone constantly shout out at staff. Organisational Structure Every business works using an organisational structure, this means that the organization has its staff organized in a certain way depending on the staff, their responsibilities and whom they must report to. Cultures and management styles play a massive part in organizing the structure. As the Coca Cola Company is a large multinational company, it is made up of many organizational structures, these are broken down into the different units that are located around the world, which are; North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Eurasia and Middle East and finally Latin America. Each unit is then organised into their own organisational structure. The following structure shows the Coca Cola Company in the Great Britain. Then each of the different departments has their own structure. Marketing Organisational Structure The structure of the marketing department is quite simple and is equally spaced out. It is a formal structure, which means that it has limited communication channels, the arrows show the flow of communication, it is mainly vertical flows of communication. You can easily see no problems in this structure as the span of control is spaced out and can easily be managed. Measuring Coca Colas Success Measuring Cola Colas success can be easily done. Their success can be seen by the quality of its product and its sales figures. At the current day, Coca Cola lead by having the most popular and most consumed soft-drinks in the world. The information that the company can use to measure their success can be many of the following:  · Sales figures In 1984, 77 of Coca Colas operating income came from soft drinks. Today the figure is 97. * Market share Coca Cola, in 2000, took up 20.3% of the following drinks. The chart shows that 89% of sales come from soft drinks, 50% of the soft drinks sales come from Coca Cola. Market Share of 2000 Coca-Cola Classic 20.3% Pepsi 13.9% Diet Coke 8.6% Mountain Dew 7.1% Sprite 6.5% Dr. Pepper 6.2% Diet Pepsi 4.9% Seven-Up 2.0% Minute Maid Orange 1.5% Others 29% Total 100%  · Questionnaires questionnaires can be used to ask people their views on Coca Cola and their products. The various that can be asked is about the prices of the product, the quality of it, etc. this information then can be assessed to see if the company is doing it. The Company delivered solid results in 2003. They continued to work hard to re-activate the Companys considerable historical advantages: Our geographic reach, our wonderful brands, our range of packages, our financial strength, our ability to make connections, our marketing and our innovation capabilities The company is never satisfied, but they always make solid progress. In 2003, the company grew profitable carbonated soft-drink volume, led by Coca-Cola branded beverages. They had expanded the range of juices and juice drinks, teas, sports drinks, waters and other noncarbonated beverages that they offer around the world. Also, they had improved their focus on building brands and working with customers and bottling partners worldwide. The Coca-Cola system is working more effectively today, for consumers, customers, bottlers and our share owners, than it has in a very long time. Use of ICT in the business Internal ICT Communications used by Coca Cola Coca Cola use ICT to communicate both internally externally. This includes communication with:  · Employees Fax will be used to contact the employees because most employees will have a fax machine in their office or wherever they will be working  · Management If management need to be contacted then pagers would probably be the alternative to contact them, fax machine could be a factor as well.  · Customers The only ICT communication used by Coca Cola to contact customers could be E-mailing, they could E-mail customers different products or new sales etc.  · Distributors of Coca Cola They would probably be contacted by Video conference because the distributors are very likely to be from other countries rather then the country the business is trying to consumer the products from. Internal ICT Communications that Coca Cola use are: E-mail E-mail will save a lot of time within the business if everybody would start emailing instead of calling a meeting. Coca Cola staff has programs installed on their computers, which tells them once they have received E-mail. This lets them communicate quickly with one another. Staff within Coca cola has access to a computer where they can E-mail. The disadvantage of this type of communication is that it is quite expensive, as it would have to be on all day long. The advantage of this is that it is fast and information can be passed on quickly. They can avoid the disadvantage by having broadband where you pay a certain sum for unlimited access. Fax Faxing allows people to have copies of documents they may require. Faxing is similar to emailing. But you do not receive the messages on a computer but a fax machine. Messages can also be sent via fax to tell employees of urgent messages, meetings, memorandas, newsletters and import notices are amongst things that can be sent by via tax. The advantage of this is that import documents can be received quickly but the disadvantage could by that not everyone within the business would actually have a fax machine to use, or they may not look at it very often. these people to receive information wherever they are at whatever time. Pagers, in general are a good thing as it allows people to receive information on the move. A disadvantage of this would by that you cannot send long messages, all messages must be short, and this could lead to misunderstanding of messages. Words may be shortened and this may lead to more of confusion.

Will the Long Cable be Sound? The Ecological Impact of the Cross-Sound Cable :: Research Papers

Will the Long Cable be Sound? The Ecological Impact of the Cross-Sound Cable There has been an unfortunate trend in the way that people of the Western culture treat the environment. Often times there appear to be two sides to this battle being fought by extremist perspectives. On one side stand the environmentalists who in some cases seek to block any move that may harm the environment, and on the other side stand the corporate people who seek to justify both a profitable and a logistical means to benefit those involved. A current battle being fought deals with the installation and usage of the Long Island Sound Pipeline. This project raises important issues such as the economic, social, and environmental importance of the Sound, as well as the present and possible future environmental consequences of the actions taken. All too often it appears as though if a change which seems to be beneficial towards humans will â€Å"only† effect the environment and most do not believe that effect will have a direct effect on humans, then we can chalk the change up to Darwin’s theory of evolution, implying that it is natural and necessary. On the other hand, if a change in the environment might harm or cause an inconvenience for humans, but would be beneficial to the environment, then we suddenly do not want to interfere with nature. Unfortunately, even some that have the title of â€Å"environmentalists† have failed to step on the other side of this Western wall that we have built ourselves which barricades and blinds us. Many bricks that that make up this Western wall are built upon the idea that humans and nature are two separate entities, and that humans are the more significant of the two. The most frightening thing about installing the cross-sound cable is not the particular environmental consequences, but the lack of concern that many have about the consequences. Why is it Important to Preserve the Long Island Sound? The Long Island Sound is extremely important not only to the ecosystems of New York and Connecticut, but to a much larger portion of the ocean than one might imagine. One of the reasons for its extreme significance is because it is an estuary. Although some animals are permanent residents of estuaries, there are many fish and other animals that use the estuary as a safe haven to protect their young. If this area is not protected, many of these fish and other animals would die off before they were able to mature and produce offspring. If these animals are not able to reach sexual maturity, it will ultimately lead to

Research Plan Essay

As part of your research plan, you must first draft a research question for your research paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general topic, is the question that your research paper will be answering. For example, if your general area of interest is Social Security, a possible research question might ask â€Å"How could low-income families save more money if the United States had a reformed Social Security plan that included personal retirement accounts? † As you develop a research question, keep in mind that you will need to research sources to support your topic. Do not pick a one-sided question that will limit your research. Instead, develop a research question that lends itself to further exploration and debate—a question you genuinely want to know the answer to. Try to pick a research question that is not too broad (covering too much) or too narrow (covering too little). It should be broad enough to be discussed in a short research paper. What is your general topic or area of interest? Recycling What is it about your general topic of interest that interests you? The topic of recycling interests me because there are some cities that so not make recycling a priority and I believe it is important to preserve for future generations. What questions do you have about the topic that you would like to investigate? List them. What is the history of recycling? What is being done in school systems to promote recycling? What are the benefits of recycling? What can be done in cities where recycling is not a priority to make residents recycle? The effects if recycling is not made a priority. What are the financial benefits to a community where recycling is a priority? Would any of the questions you listed about the topic make a good subject for a research paper? Pick or adapt one question and make it into a research question. What are the benefits of recycling? Why do you think this research question is appropriate for a research paper? I think this is an appropriate question for a research paper because there are many benefits with much information of the benefits. How is your research question significant or relevant to a wider community? My research question is relevant to a wider community because it is a worldwide issue in today’s society with much room for improvement. What background information provides the preliminary grounds for your research? I was shocked at how many people I have come to know that do not make it a priority because it is simply easier to toss it away. What are some expert or authoritative sources of information on this research question? The University of Phoenix library What type of materials will you need to review for your research paper? Plenty of articles to support the bases of my paper. What procedures will you follow to conduct your research? I will need to further brain storm and take notes on the articles I will be using for my paper and conpilling several other sources to ensure I have enough material to use. What difficulties do you anticipate in conducting your research? There is plenty of research out there and I need to cut it down to what is most important and relevant to what I am writing. Write a 250- to 300-word paragraph summarizing your reearch plan. Include the following: †¢The topic you have chosen for your final project. †¢What you hope to learn from your research. †¢What aspect of your topic you plan to focus on in your research and writing. This paragraph is just an intro of sorts. Don’t begin with â€Å"The topic I have chosen, or My topic is †¦ † — write in 3rd person (he, she, it, or in general terms) Recycling is a relatively new concept with very few states enforcing this as a law. Although recycling has only been around for about forty years it has come a long way in how it is viewed by many people and states. People across the country have now come to see the long term benefits to recycling and how it will benefit our society by reducing their carbon foot print and how it benefits the environment. While recycling has made big strides there is still much room for improvement with public awareness. There has been a big push in elementary schools recently, children are being taught from a young age, the benefits of long term recycling. There are many states such as California and, Oregon requiring deposits when purchasing drinking beverages to promote recycling by its residents, regardless if the person lives there or not, the deposit must be paid. This is just an example of ways other states are making recycling a priority. By being vigilant and constantly making recycling a priority we can reduce the amount of waste in landfills each year thus eliminating the effects of global warming and the release of methane emitted into the atmosphere and the pollution of the waterways. By committing to recycling not only is there a benefit to the environment but there can be other ways recycling can contribute to a community financially. By implementing an efficient program recycling can yield great profits. Now more than ever it is so important to make recycling a priority. Its imperative that we create a future, for the future generation to enjoy and if not made a priority children of the future will suffer.

Barriers Essay

When attending college withers a new student or old, there will be barriers in the way. These roadblocks can appear in various ways during a student’s career in college. The barriers can be anything from money, or attendance, and even time management. The key is to recognize the walls and overcome them to succeed. First, issue for many students is money. It’s not cheap to attend college, but colleges have many ways of helping out their students. One way, is students can obtain grants from various places. Grants are checks that students can use and don’t have to pay back the money. On the other hand, there’re loans which is money a student can use, but has to pay it back. Another, important source of money is scholarships. Scholarships work like grants but students have to earn them and have to meet certain requirements to keep them. An alternative way from student aid is to pay out of pocket for school, so like work wages or maybe an allowance. Just keep in mind there are a lot of options to help pay for college so don’t let finances be a oadblock. Second, mountain in the road is attendance. Always show up for class and on time attendance is very important college as well as life. Students who attend class on regular bases have a better chance of passing the class than those who don’t. Also, colleges have stipulations when it comes to attendance too, if a student misses too many days of class than the college can kick the student out. This rule applies for tardiness as well show up to late too many times and the students gone. Lastly, showing up to class helps getting good grades which can lead to getting scholarships. Finally, a big barrier in the way to success in college is time management. If students don’t learn how to balance a work load and a course load then college is going to a rough time. Second, a student must put some time back for studying without study time student won’t pass classes. Besides, work and class time there also transportation that can hinder time. It is always good to know when to get to ollege and how to get there; by bus, a car, and possibly a friend. That ride it takes to get to school factors in as time management how long will take to arrive at school. Before a student attends college learn some time management skills and it will be a lot easier to balance a schedule. One can deduce that there are many different roadblocks in the way to success in college. Don’t let the barriers win Just recognize them and overcome the barriers. Stay focus on studies and earn the degree to become a proud college graduate.

Organizational Management Essay

A1. As the chairman of the board of the Utah Opera, Bill Bailey is in a position of influence to motivate the Opera’s board of directors to oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony by employing the use of Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. This theory suggests that people are motivated by three distinct determinants; valence (reward), expectancy (performance), and instrumentality (belief). Vroom believed that motivation is a result of the level to which a person desires a reward (valence), the analysis of the probability that the effort put forth will deliver the desired performance (expectancy) and the belief that the performance will result in the attainment of a reward (instrumentality). In the case of the Utah Opera, the most desirable reward (valence) would be remaining financially solvent in spite of a weak economy. The required performance (expectancy) is to support or oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony to strengthen the financial standing of both organizations. The belief in the attainment of the desired outcome (instrumentality) is the continued success of the Utah Opera. In order to motivate the Opera’s board of directors using these factors, Mr. Bailey would need to emphasize the vastly different financial considerations of the two programs. Contrasting the Utah Opera’s business model offering flexibility for performance scheduling, as well as the organization’s cash reserves, and tangible assets against the Symphony’s contractually obligated business model lacking any flexibility, high expenditures, and little or no assets to speak of would be of significant importance. By concluding his assessment of the proposed merger with exerts from the letters of opposition written from the community and Mrs. Abravanel, Mr. Bailey would present enough logical and factual information to convince the Opera’s board of directors to oppose the merger. In consideration of their desire for the organization to remain financially solvent in spite of the weak economy (valence), the board of directors for the Utah Opera would more than likely oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony (expectancy) believing that such a merger with the Symphony would weaken the  financial strength of the Opera (instrumentality). A2. As the chairman of the board of the Utah Symphony, Scott Parker is in a position of influence to motivate Mrs. Abravanel to support a merger with the Utah Symphony by employing the use of the Adam’s Equity theory. This theory suggests that people are motivated to act a certain way because being fair and just is of great importance to them. Inequity and injustice are held in relationship to personal satisfaction based on an individual’s perception of inputs and outcomes. Adams believed that an individual perceiving themselves as either under or over- rewarded would become distressed and be motivated to take action to restore balance or equity in a relationship. In the case of the Scott Parker, in order to motivate Mrs. Abravanel to support a merger between the Symphony and the Opera, he would have to appeal to her strongly reported desire to be just and fair like her husband. One such case could be made if Mr. Parker were to point out that the full year, salaried contrac ts her husband fought to win for the musicians in the Symphony could be threatened by the weakening economy and the threat of a deficit looming. A negative equity situation for the artists involved with Opera could also be offered as a comparison. With lower pay, fewer performances, and no contracts, those involved in the Opera lack equity to the wages, standards, and employment security enjoyed by Symphony musicians. Mrs. Abravanel, knowing how passionate her husband was about securing full time professional status and pay for the symphony musicians (input), would likely be motivated to support the merger as means to secure the contracts and pay for the Symphony and create an equal opportunity for the Opera artists(outcome). Additionally, highlighting the fact that the symphony was in the high end of Group II of symphony orchestras in the U.S. based on endowments and expenditures could also compel Mrs. Abravanel to support the merger. Carolyn Abravanel herself publically stated that her husband â€Å"would never take second billing to anyone.† Being in the lower of the two groups put the Symphony in a second billing situation. A successful merger would produce a higher combined budget and as well as larger endowments creating the likelihood that the Symphony could achieve Group I status and eliminate yet another negative equity situation for the Symphony. A3. Anne Ewers is a seasoned professional with a history of successful leadership within various Opera organizations around the country including the Utah Opera. Having worked her way up the ranks from a stage-director to be the general director of the Utah Opera, she earned a great deal of power. Power grants leaders the ability to direct the actions of others and make decisions with a degree of authority. A leader retains both positional and personal power. Anne’s positional power stems from the title she has earned. The title commands respects and gives her a degree of authority over others. It is based on external factors and can be removed. For instance, if Anne were to be removed from her position as the general director of the Opera, she would lose her positional power within the organization. On the other hand, Anne’s personal power is compilation of her good characteristics and traits that help her appeal to others. It is based on internal factors such as intellige nce, ethics, trustworthiness, charismatic nature, confidence, skill level, experience, and expertise. These things are part of who Anne is as a person, and therefore cannot be taken away from her. No matter what rank or title Anne has that gives her positional power, she cannot earn the respect and devotion of the people she leads without her personal power. The judicious use of positional power will enhance personal power and vice-versa with personal power and positional power. However, misuse of either will result in the reduction of both types of authority. Through the merger Anne would become the CEO of the integrated programs. As the CEO certain decisions would have to be made using her positional power. One example of this might include working with other leaders of the combined organizations to create an integration plan and a new vision for the combined programs and then implementing it with the artists and musicians. Another instance where the use of positional power would be appropriate for Anne to use would be for her to draft an organizational chart for the combined organ ization and take it to the board for approval. There are times decisions have to be made by a leader without passing the buck. To be an effective leader, Anne will need to have followers. This is where the influence of Anne’s personal power comes into play. Anne will have to wisely assess events on a situational  basis while at the same time considering the needs, motivators, and emotions of the people involved. By being thoughtful, honest, and fair she will earn the trust and respect of the people she leads. One example of how Anne might use her personal power might be found in how she chooses to listen to and address the concerns of Keith Lockhart. As the music director for the symphony he would be reporting directly to Anne Ewers. Being accustomed to having more person control than the new organizational structure allows will require some adjustments on his part. By listening intently to Keith and seeking his input where appropriate Anne has a greater chance of earning his respect, trust, and loyalty. A3a. In the potential merger, Anne would become the CEO of the integrated programs. With this position comes the power to make unilateral decisions necessary to operate the organization. To successfully lead the efforts as the proposed CEO, Anne Ewers should use her positional power to develop an integration plan and a solid structure for the new, integrated organization. By defining the roles of key individuals such as Keith Lockhart and Leslie Peterson, Anne could maximize their effectiveness in the merger, satisfy their need for control, and ensure a smooth transition. Gaining the support of the leaders in both entities is a vital to the cohesive success of the merger. Anne will need them to guide the artists and musicians through the transitional process By delegating some her own authority to each of these leaders Anne has a greater potential to make them each feel valued and important without actually relinquishing any real overall control. Due to the nature of her position, Anne will retain the final decisions in all business activities. As the CEO, Anne should also use her positional power to establish a workable budget the financial framework to support it for the board of directors to approve. Her shrewd business acumen, successful fundraising abilities, and a knack for creating financial reserves despite budgetary constraints will grant her expertise in this area. A well laid out financial plan than includes a detailed fundraising campaign is a pivotal portion of the success of the integrated organization. The board of directors and potential donors will need reassurance that the financial well being of the new conglomeration is secure. Anne Ewers will need to provide that in order to prove she was the correct choice for the CEO position. A3b. Anne Ewers has acquired a vast skill set and knowledge base through her years of experience working in the opera industry. She has proven herself to be an ethical, intelligent, trustworthy, confident, and charismatic leader. This compilation of traits and characteristics grant her a great deal of personal power to draw upon in order to empower Keith Lockhart after the merger. In this case, empowerment means Anne will need to give Mr. Lockhart power and official authority. She will first need to gain his trust and commitment. To achieve this Anne can share her vision for the combined organization and his role in it with him. Mr. Lockhart’s primary objection to the merger centered on his having to report to Mrs. Ewers in the new management structure. His own loss of power was a blow to his ego. As the CEO, Anne can transfer some of her positional power and authority to Mr. Lockhart to offset his negative feelings and make him feel valued. She can do this without diminishing any of her overall power or control. Using her personal power, Anne will also need to make Keith Lockhart feel like he is valued and needed as key decision maker in the integrated organization. She will need to emphasize that his participation as a leader is vital to the success of the merger. Mr. Lockhart has to know that he has the power to help set the course of the new entity. His input will be used to set goals, address issues associated with the merger, and to define the course of the symphony. In essence, Anne will need to convince Mr. Lockhart that he has the necessary power to guide the symphony into the future. A4. As a unionized body, the symphony musicians have contracts for wages and benefits protected by a collective agreement. This agreement calls for significant salary increases in each of the next two years. With some musicians fearing that the merger could lead the board of directors to reopen the current collective bargaining agreement as a means to renegotiate the expected salary increases and other terms, opposition to the merger and/or threat of a strike are potential issues at hand. A strike could be detrimental to the organization since there would be no symphony without the musicians, and the same musicians play for the opera. The bottom line is that both entities in the organization depend on the musicians to produce income. This position offers the group organizational strength and power. A4a. To mitigate the potential issue of opposition to the merger and/or threat of a strike with the musicians, it is recommended that Anne ensure the security of the musician’s contracts as written with the board of directors. With the board’s agreement, Anne could then approach the musicians with a guarantee that the current contracts will stand as written without any threat of renegotiation. Although this is a costly solution, neither the opera nor the symphony is in a position to operate without musicians. In the long run, honoring the contracts is most likely less expensive and detrimental to the new combined entity than a strike would be. The public relations ramifications could result in a more costly backlash than even the immediate monetary losses if it were to impact future donations. A5. With eleven years of proven leadership and a reputation for being energetic, enthusiastic, and capable, Anne Ewers is in an excellent position to persuade the Utah Opera staff to support the merger. By employing the use of soft tactics such as rational persuasion, and inspirational appeals, Anne is more likely to be influential with them. As a member of the Opera team herself, Anne is trusted and respected by the staff. Through rational persuasion Anne has the opportunity to logically explain the facts as to why the merger is good for the opera. Reiterating that the downturn in the economy and declining ticket sales would most likely impact the organization could be a starting point. Anne needs to explain that by no longer competing against the symphony for funding; both organizations would stand to gain a stronger footing. By promising to safeguard the Opera’s identity through process Anne could also ease their fears and gain their acceptance. Given her enthusiastic nature and proven track record for successfully guiding the opera, Anne could also make an inspirational appeal to the staff. As part of a larger entity with a solid economic backing, the opera could become a tier-one arts organization. Expanding the artistic potential of the opera would also elevate the status of the organization to be more in line with the symphony. This level of recognition could prove to be very meaningful to all those involved with the opera. Building enthusiasm for the merger as the way to achieve this type of recognition would help also Anne to garner the  staff’s commitment to the process.